Martin Luther King Jr. Free Essays

Martin Luther King Jr. Free Essays Martin Luther King was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. When he was grown, he wrote that he came from a family â€Å"where love was central and where lovely relationships were ever present† (Colaiaco, 1984). He could never remember his parents fighting, and he was surrounded by people with deep religious beliefs and a profound sense of human dignity. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King Jr. or any similar topic only for you Order Now His father was pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church and his mother had been a teacher. Her father had been pastor of Ebenezer before his death. Martin had an older sister; Christine, and a younger brother, A.D. Martin grew up during the Depression, a time when many were without jobs and had to struggle to make a living. His family wasn’t wealthy, but they were comfortable and had enough to eat. Discussion and Background Hans Luther sent his son to the University of Effort to maintain the dream of him becoming a lawyer. By 1505, Luther had completed the Bachelor s program and received his Master s degree. He was on his way to becoming the lawyer that his father had always dreamed of, until June 1505. On his way back to the University after visiting his family, Martin was caught in a thunderstorm and a flash of lightning hit him. In the open field where he laid, he promised God he would join a religious order. (Leonard, 2002) When Martin s friends heard of his promise, they were shocked. His father was angered that he had spent a large amount of money to send his son to school, and his son was not going to be able to support the family. For the rest of his brief life, he inspired people to fight for their rights using nonviolent means (Lincoln, 2001). King paid a great price for his vision. From 1956 until his death in 1968, he was arrested, stabbed, stoned, and finally assassinated. And although he loved his family, he was often away from home, traveling tirelessly, from town to town, state to state, and even to Europe, Africa, and Asia to share his dream of peace and love. Conclusion In 1964, Martin Luther King, Jr., won the Nobel Peace Prize. This important award is given almost every year to the person, people, or organization most responsible for promoting peace. King, at age thirty – five, was the youngest person ever to receive the prize. In December, he set off with family and friends to Oslo, Norway, where the award ceremony look place. On his return, King was shower with honors. The city of Atlanta, where he lived, gave him a dinner. Together blacks and whites sang the civil rights movement’s anthem, â€Å"We Shall Overcome† (Lincoln, 2001). Only a few years before, King had been arrested in Atlanta for trying to eat al an all-white lunch counter. References Colaiaco, James A. (1984).†The American Dream Unfulfilled: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the ‘Letter from the Birmingham Jail’.† Phylon. Leonard, Cowries, W. (2002) Martin Luther Jr. Leader of the Reformation. New York: Fredrick A. Pager. Lincoln, C. Eric, (2001). Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Profile. American Century Series. New York: Hill and Wang. P 156-159 How to cite Martin Luther King Jr., Essay examples Martin Luther King Jr. Free Essays Introduction The author of the letter, Martin Luther King Jr. was the most well-known fighter for the rights of the Afro-Americans in the USA. Moreover, this man was one of the most educated among the social and political activists contemporary to him, that’s why he could lead the discussion with the white politicians and religious leaders, and persuade them in the rightness of his ideas. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King Jr. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Discussion and Background In order to prove his viewpoint, Martin Luther brings the examples from the religious sources, such as the New and Old Testament, from the history of the American democracy, and from the world history. For example, in order to explain and support his vision of the just and unjust laws Martin Luther provides the words of the middle-age catholic religious leader and mystic St. Thomas Aquinas, and when the need for the civil disobedience needs to be proved, he brings the example of the people who disobeyed the command to give all the Jews to the Nazi government both in Germany and occupied countries.   To support this claim he also recalled the early Christians who refused to obey the orders of Nebuchadnezzar, as those were against their moral and religious beliefs. (Franklin, 1990) In order to clear himself from the accusations in the extremism, Martin Luther recalled the well-known phrases and sayings by the famous people. In his writing Martin Luther talked about priests and ministers, clearly displaying that all of them were sometimes capable of the heroic words and deeds, and of the cowardice or malice pretense. (Erskine, 1994) To reach this goal, the writer brings the examples that support his claims both from the social and religious life, puts them near in the text and illustrates the same things with them. He also justifies his followers’ actions, which are of political and social significance, by the religious principles and values found in the Bible. In his writing Martin Luther King expresses deep concern for the fate of the American democracy which shatters its authority by acting against the principles its leaders have always been proclaiming. He claims that the separation of the church and state, that has been happening for quite a long time now, affects badly the moral condition of the politicians together with the ordinary citizens, as the first propose and accept the laws that are out of tune with both the religious principles and the moral values most human beings share and try to follow, while the second do not protest against it, accepting all the unjust decisions of those, who are in power at the moment. (King, 1983) Conclusion As stated in the beginning, Letter from Birmingham Jail is considered to be the classical example of the political writing, the one which made its way to the textbooks. I hope that after reading this essay you will understand the causes for that. Martin Luther King touched lots of vital questions in his letter, and he did it with such skill that people read it and benefit from it to the present time. References Erskine, Noel Leo. (1994). King Among the Theologians. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press. Franklin, Robert Michael. (1990). Liberating Visions: Human Fulfillment and Social Justice in African-American Thought. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. King, Coretta Scott, ed. (1983). The Words of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Newmarket Press. How to cite Martin Luther King Jr., Essay examples Martin Luther King Jr. Free Essays Martin Luther King Jr. Role model defined by dictianry. com is a person whose behavior, example, or success is or can be emulated by others. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King Jr. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Role models are those who possess the qualities that we would like to have and those who affect us in a way that makes us want to be better people. They teach us to take leadership and follow our goals that are emulated off them. My role model is Martin Luther King Jr. because he is hardworking, a leader, and humble. Martin Luther King Jr. as hardworking due to the fact that he led protest marches despite the critics and the government, he was arrested for fighting for equal rights, he continued past the death threats, and remained so determined that he even put his life up for the cause. What makes him so inspiring is that it would have been much easier for Dr. King to fight with violence but he didn’t, he fought with non-violence i. e. protests. Also he not only fought for black rights but he fought for the rights of the oppressed. On top of this he was a pastor that preached God’s message and he raised a family. He was so determined at fighting for equal rights that he got arrested 28 times and that did not deter him. His actions were recognized by the Nobel Peace Prize which just shows how much Martin Luther King Jr. did. Martin Luther King Jr. was also a leader. He would stir thousands of people with his emotional speeches. His most well-known speech â€Å"I had a dream† just exemplifies how he could fight his way for freedom. Also he organized and created multiple organizations for equal rights. Most leaders direct their attention toward their own group, but King wanted freedom and equality for all. His words of wisdom opened many eyes and shaped the nation. Dr. King was a revolutionary because he did something about the hatred and violence which seemed normal. The reason today black and whites can walk together is because of Martin Luther King Jr. Lastly Martin Luther King Jr. was humble. He gave a speech about how humanity needs to be humble and those words he spoke were his actions. Regardless of how much fame and attention Martin Luther King Jr. got he would continue to work on his mission and not get caught up in the media. Also his non-violence methods were adopted from Gandhi showing he respected others and that he knew people were smarter than him. He was so humble that, at one time, lived in poor conditions and was abused even though he has an average lifestyle. This is why I believe the perfect role model is Martin Luther King Jr. We should try to emulate him because of his leadership, his humbleness, and his dedication. I, personally, can say that throughout my day I will try to strive to be like Dr. King and one day hope to make a change on society like him. How to cite Martin Luther King Jr., Papers

HRM and Management of Clinicians

Question: Discuss about the HRM and Management of Clinicians. Answer: Introduction There is a requirement to manage the healthcare organization as it is directly related to the health of the individuals. These health issues must be resolved through the proper management of the Human resource department of the organization. Human resource department plays a vital role in the management of any health care or hospital. There are many types of challenges faced by the human resource of health care departments. But these challenges and issues can be overcome though effective implementation of Human resource policies and strategies. We can observe in many literatures that the human resource department has improved the healthcare department in many ways. There are many functions performed by the human resource department like performance appraisal, staffing, recruitment, training and development, etc. The roles and responsibilities of human resource management are applicable to the healthcare department that includes the legal and ethical responsibilities of the company. As we know that the practices of human resource plays are vital role in very type of organization whether it is healthcare or any other organization. It is observed that in the hospitals and healthcare institutions the rate of turnover of nurses and other staff is very high. In order to improve the turnover rate, the effective Human Resource practices are applied to entire organization. It guides the staff so that the performance of the employees can be measured and effective actions can be applied to improve the same. There is a need to motivate the employees working in the healthcare department so that they can work with a satisfaction (Jamal, Adwan, 2008). There are provisions of moral and material incentives for the employees working in the first hospital. It helps to generate the desires of the employees to continue with the work and also provide them services related to medical and health. The employees also required training classes as they have to perform well. In health care department the quality of service provided must be of first class as it related to the health of the employees. The degree of services provided by the staff will improved to a large extent after applying the Human resource services (Simon, Chan, 2012). Al Kudhat Mohammad suggested that the methods for selecting and recruiting the staff members must be appropriate. The selected staff must be compatible with the upcoming technologies in the external environment of the first hospital. The major findings of this study are to determine the relation between the technological changes and the personality traits of the employees in respect to the first hospital. The specific and specialist staff is also required to manage the design of work, higher attributes, nature of work, and job classification of the employees (McKinnies, et.al. 2010). There are many reasons due to which the first hospital was facing poor performance of the employees. It is found that there was a lack of interest by the managers of the head department in this hospital. They have to improve the conditions of the hospital by developing the staff, motivation them to work, proving them performance appraisals, development of incentives systems, etc. (McConville, 2003) The courses of actions that would you recommended to the CEO in the first hospital as a way to improve the operation of HRM at the hospital It is recommended that the CEO should improve the incentive policies and systems to motivate the employees. Financial motivation is the most effective way to bring the satisfaction of the employees. It is the most effective way though which the staff of the first hospital can be improved. The development of personnel management can also help the healthcare department of the first hospital to establish effective system in the organization. It is relevant to engage the staff and employees of the first hospital in the functional task so that they can work with confidence in the health institution in which they are working. There must be a continuous growth and development of the staff and the focus should be on the performance of the staff members. It is also recommended that there is a requirement of measurement of employees performance through performance appraisal methods and feedbacks should be communicated to the entire organization (Fiona, Geare, 2005). The key features of building sustainable HR CAPABILITY The impact of human resources on health sector reform is very effective and positive. While determining the global systems for the health care, it is useful and important tool to explore and examine the affect of human resources and its department on the health reform sector. An HR is a person who can help in succeeding implementation of the Hr and business practices. Now days, every organization including the first hospital also give a commitment of sustainable development and growth in their organization. It is not easy for the companies to measure integrate and implement the sustainability but with effective practices many organization has brought sustainable development (Zairi, 2002). We can observe that it create a huge and positive impact on the healthcare institutions. The performance of the staff and the other members will improve with the positive influence of human resource management. There are many types of human resource practices that help to the managers to measure the performance of the employees and provide training to the members who required to be trained. There are few practices that need to be addressed to bring sustainability in the human resource practices of the first hospital. Human resource is the key person who can use his critical thinking to bring sustainability (Harris, Cortvriend, Hyde, (2007). There must be sustainable vision and mission of the organization- To apply the policies and strategies related to the sustainability it is necessary to firstly identify the vision and mission of the first hospital. The visions and mission of the organization must describe the commitment of the business practices (Mathis, Jackson, 2006). There is a requirement of building an aligned leadership pipelines so that there should be an effect of leadership and hr roles I the organizations. The agenda of sustainability is that there must be a development that provides positivity to all the people related to the first hospital. Leaders are the individuals who are responsible in bringing all sorts of strategies and policies and also define the agenda of sustainability. They are the role models and ideals hence they are the key role players of the company. The initial stage of sustainability starts from the policy formation of the leaders of the company and they carry forward the policies and implement them in entire organization (Valverde, Ryan, (2006). To drive the sustainability agenda, there is a requirement to create an appropriate structure of the organizational and mechanism of governance. The first hospital must establish and effective structure in their organization to adopt strong governance and coordination among the employees. It also helps in establishment of authority and responsibility to drive the sustainability agenda. The hospital organization generally adopts formal structure (O'Brien, 2011). The development of key capabilities of Human resource is to drive sustainability in the organization and to create a sustainable system of human resource practices and systems in the same. The role of the Hr in the first hotel is to establish sustainable business practices at the all levels of the orgnaistaion. Many times the HR of the companies fails to implement the sustainable practices due to the challenges in the implementation. The ability of the Hr is to engage and align the employees to have sustainability agenda. This means that the hr of the first hospital must recruit the employees who have a sense of sustainability in them. The work of hr is to retain the right candidates in the company who can effectively participate in the sustainable development (MarliesOtt, Han van Dijk, 2005). There is a requirement of agile organization in which he employees and staff are able to learn and adapt the changes takes place in the external and internal environment. The way of sustainability is also decided through the adaption and management and learning of changes. The first hospital is an organization that is able to replicate and share the best practices of the sustainable development. They use polices and strategies of sustainability in a continuous manner and make improvements according to the past experiences. From the above mentioned data and information, we can ensure that changes in the strategies and practices of the Hr practices can bring sustainability in the organization. The only requirement is of commitment towards the applicability of positive changes in the business environment. Sustainability is a key feature that helps the organization to create a unique identity and a part of its DNA. In the practice of all above mentioned pints, an Hr and leaders of the company plays the most important role they apply their effective vision and mission that create an impact on the entire organization (Marie McHugh, Karen Johnston Donna McClelland, 2007). Specific role of Hr is the creation o sustainable vision, mission and strategy He is the one who facilitates the growth and development of sustainable mission, vision and strategy. He also access, analyze and evaluate the existing vision, missions that whether they are fulfilling the criteria of sustainability or not. They also create a supportive system that can help the employees and staff of the organization in the implementation of sustainable practices and bringing the perspective of the employees towards the sustainability. The Hr of the organization is an individual who has the ability to communicate the sustainable mission and vision across all the stages of the organization. He also monitors that whether the policies and strategies formed by him are effectively implemented or not. He works horizontally and vertically between the employee and the upper level of the organization (Mukhaimar, Taamenh, 2004). Recommendations With the review of this literature we come to know that there is a requirement of further improvement in the human resource management in the health care and hospitals organizations. The suggested recommendations for the first hospital are to set effective policies and strategies for the human resource management of the hospitality organization. The development of personnel management can also help the healthcare department to establish effective system in the organization. It is relevant to engage the staff and employees of the first hospital in the functional task so that they can work with confidence in the health institution in which they are working. There must be a continuous growth and development of the staff and the focus should be on the performance of the staff members. It is also recommended that there is a requirement of measurement of employees performance through performance appraisal methods and feedbacks should be communicated to the entire organization. Conclusion At last, we can conclude that there is a requirement to have a proper management of the human resource to provide a high quality of the health care. The focus of the human resource management is very much required to have an effective management of the health institutes. The effectiveness in the human resource management policies are achieved by the better outcomes forms the health care in the entire world. The management of the human resource itself is very relevant to compete with the competitive world. There are many types of emerging trends that are directly or indirectly affecting the human resource department of the health care industries. As we have studied above, the sustainable development in the organization whether it is of health care or any other industry plays a vital role as it creates a special identity in the market. We have also learned various policies framed by the Hr of the first hospital that can help many organizations are the establishment of sustainable development and growth of the business organization. References Fiona, E. Geare, A. (2005). HRM practice and employee attitudes: different measures-different results, Department of Management, University of Otago, Harris, C., Cortvriend, P. Hyde, P. (2007). Human resource management and performance in health care organizations, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 21(4/5). Jamal, K. Adwan, A. (2008). The reality of workforce planning in the health sector hospitals the non-governmental sector in the provinces of Gaza. Keating, M. (2011). Managing professionals: exploring the role of the hospital HR function Aoife McDermott, Cardiff University Business School, Cardiff, UK. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 25(6). Lucas, R. (2002). Fragments of HRM in hospitality? Evidence from the 1998 workplace employee relations survey. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 14(5). Marie McHugh, Karen Johnston and Donna McClelland. (2007). HRM and the management of clinicians within the NHS, School of Business Organization and Management, University of Ulster ,Newtownabbey, UK. International Journal of Public Sector, 20(4). MarliesOtt, Han van Dijk, (2005). Effects of HRM on client satisfaction in nursing and care for the elderly. Employee Relations, 27(4). Mathis, R. Sc. Jackson, J. (2006). Human Resource Management (11thed.). Mason, OH: Thomson Southwestern. McConville, T. (2003). The filling in the Sandwich: HRM and middle managers in thehealth sector. University of Plymouth Business School, Plymouth, UK, and Len Holden, Vol. 28 No. 5/6, MCB University Press. McKinnies, R., Collins, S., Collins, K. Sc. Matthews, E. (2010). Lack of performance: The top reasons for terminating healthcare employees. Journal of Management, 32(3). Mukhaimar, M. Taamenh, J. (2004). Recent trends for the hospital management: concepts and applications. O'Brien, M. (2011). HR's Take on the Office. Human Resource Executive Online. Salah, M. D. (2012). Measuring the dimensions of the quality of medical services provided in the Jordanian government hospitals from the perspective of patients and staff. Simon, C. H. Chan, W. (2012). High performance human resource practices and organizational performance The mediating role of occupational safety and health. Department of Management and Marketing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Vol. 3 No. 2. Valverde, M. Ryan, G. (2006). Distributing HRM responsibilities: a classification of organizations, Universitat Rovira Virgili, Department of Business ,Avinguda Universitat, Tarragona, Spain, Vol. 35 No. 6, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Zairi, M. (2002). Building human resources capability in health care: a global analysis of best practice part I. Health Manpower Management, 24(3), MCB University.

Performance Analysis free essay sample

In 2010, the global economy had shown a slight recovery from the downfall of previous year, despite the expiry of government economic stimulus programs in many countries. The continued expansionary monetary policy and the rapid growth expansion in the emerging markets led to above-average growth of the global economy. High-export countries such as Germany benefited from the double-digit growth of global trade. The automotive industry as a whole recovered from previous year’s financial and economic crisis and riding on this upstream Volkswagen Group successfully strengthen its market position setting a new milestone with its output exceeding the seven million mark for the first time, an impressive increase of 13. 7% vehicle deliveries. Basically, the Volkswagen Group is subdivided into two divisions which is Automotive Division that focus on the development of vehicles and engines, the production and sale of passenger cars, commercial vehicles, trucks and busses and the genuine parts business while the Financial Services Division’s provides financial solutions to its clientele such as dealer and customer financing, leasing, banking, insurance activities and lastly fleet management. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Performance In year 2010, Volkswagen Group recorded an increased in unit sales of 15. 4% year-on-year to 7. 3 million vehicles while sales revenue was up by 20. 6% to â‚ ¬126. 9 billion. Furthermore, the Western Europe counter-parts have yet to redeem themselves from the 2008 financial crisis contributed to the slowdown. Although there is also an increase in sales in Europe or remaining markets, especially because of the rapid new car registration in Russia, it was not sufficient to offset the overall decay in sales revenue for the region. Meanwhile for North America, unit sales of group vehicles was 0. million and the sales revenue improved by 33. 3% to â‚ ¬15. 2 billion. In South America, with a growth rate of 7. 5% in Brazil and 8. 3% in Argentina, the group sold 0. 9 million units far exceeding the previous year’s figure by 9. 7%. Judging from the figures mentioned earlier, in seems that the automotive industries in established markets were heavily supported by government economic stimulus programs in 2010. In the case of Volkwagen Group, the incentives provided by their home country was the main catalyst behind their strong surge in sales during the financial turmoil allowing them to improve their market share in the small vehicles segment. Besides political help, the weakening of the euro in 2010 strengthens the income proceeds generated from abroad. Hence, in order to ensure its business remains profitable, Volkswagen Group would continue to strenghten their foothold in developing nations such as China, India, Russia and Brazil where growth opportunities are still present.

Development of the Individual Essay Example

Development of the Individual Essay Example Development of the Individual Essay Development of the Individual Essay For the purpose of privacy my case study child will be known as A throughout this assignment. I have gained permission from A’s parents and my work setting. A is a 7 year old female and is in Year 3, she attends her local mixed sex Primary school. A’s parents separated when A was about 3 years old, it was not an amicable separation although both parents are on better terms now. A lives with her Mother and older sister who is 12 years old. A has regular contact with her Father and goes to stay with him every other weekend and sometimes during school holidays too. According to Bronfenbrenners Ecological System (Doherty amp; Hughes, 2009) these changes were in A’s Microsystem, â€Å"the microsystem is our most immediate context, and for most children, is represented by their family and their home. † (Rank, 2009) Mother says A was not hugely affected by the divorce, however A’s Father has since remarried and has a baby girl who is one year old, this change in A’s Microsystem has affected her. A’s Mum has found her to be quite attention seeking since the arrival of A’s baby half-sister. Both I and the class teacher (CT) have observed A making up stories to her peers and staff in school that appear to be a way of gaining attention. When A was in Reception it was noticed by staff that she struggled to see and used to put her face quite close to the paper when writing, although this was mentioned to A’s Mum at the time, A did not start wearing glasses until she was in Year 1. Apart from this A has no other health problems and her physical development is normal and on track for a child of her age. According to National Curriculum assessment test results she is average in literacy and numeracy. A relies on the few close friends she has within the classroom quite a lot, she often gets upset if they do not sit with her in class, she prefers working with them to working alone. A is not a very confident child and she gains confidence from learning alongside them, this demonstrates Vgotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development theory where â€Å" Vygotsky views interaction with peers as an effective way of developing skills and strategies. † (McLeod, 2007) Despite a lack of confidence A is generally a happy child; she is kind to other children and is always polite and well mannered. From observations A tries hard in class although she does tend to daydream and this can impinge on her then carrying out a task if she has not listened to instructions properly. This viewpoint is supported by A’s Mother who has said A can sometimes be quite ‘dizzy’ at home and ‘in a world of her own’, she forgets things quite easily and has to be reminded quite a lot by her mum, Mother thinks this could be another way of getting her attention. Descriptions and Analysis of Evidence This case study will focus on the areas of social/emotional development and cognitive development. Its aim is to show that A is developing normally in these areas, observations (Appendices A1, A2, A3, A4 amp; A5) of A will be used which, when applied to child development theories, will provide evidence to support this. The method of observation used for this case study was narrative observations made within the classroom. Piaget’s cognitive development theory proposes that there four periods of cognitive development that are common to all children. These are the sensorimotor period, the pre-operational period, the concrete operational period and the formal operational period. According to Piaget A should be in the concrete operational period, which runs from age 7 – 11 years. In this period children ‘begin to think logically about events they experience and can order, evaluate and explain them’ (Doherty amp; Hughes, 2009, p 40). During one observation (A 1) A was completing an activity that involved putting a list of sentences in the correct order to make a set of instructions. A was able to do this accurately and with minimal assistance, this demonstrated that ‘children in the concrete operational period are able logically order objects’ (Doherty amp; Hughes, 2009, p 265). A was also observed (A3) using coordinates to locate places on a fictional map and then making her own map and writing up the coordinates of various places on it. This demonstrates an understanding of spatial reasoning which is another sign that she is in the concrete operational period. Within the concrete operational period Piaget states that a child is able to conserve number and liquid quantity at age 6-7 years and substance and length at age 7-8 years. ‘Conservation is the understanding that any quantity remains the same, despite any physical distortions’ (Walsh, 2011). Appendix 5 shows that when A was asked to perform a liquid conversion test and an object conversion test she was able to do both of these correctly, this again shows that A’s cognitive development is at a level that is expected for her age when compared with Piaget’s cognitive development theory. A flaw in Piaget’s theory is that it does not take into account the role of social interaction, ‘Piaget ignored the role of social interaction. It seems highly likely that children’s learning is strongly influenced by teaching from others. (Walsh, 2011) Piaget believed that development preceded learning; this is unlike Vygotsky who felt social learning preceded development. Vygotsky believed that â€Å"every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). † Vygotsky (cited in Lear ning Theories, 2012). Vygotsky’s theory encompassed three themes, the More Knowledgeable Other (MKO), the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and social interaction. He believed that someone with greater subject knowledge or ability than the learner (MKO) could help the learner develop; the MKO would usually be a teacher or older adult but could also be a peer. The ZPD is, according to Vygotsky, the zone where learning takes place. It is the gap between what the learner can actually do independently and what they can potentially achieve with help from a teacher or with peer collaboration. To Vygotsky social interaction was hugely important and ‘it is through these interactions that children are able to acquire the important values and skills of a society. (Doherty amp; Hughes, 2009, P. 40) Observations of A (A 1 amp; 2) demonstrated that she acquired new knowledge with the help of others. When A was observed during a comprehension session (A 1) she worked together with her partner in order to answer the questions correctly. Peer collaboration, where two students work together to achieve a particular goal, is an important part of Vygotskyâ⠂¬â„¢s theory. When A was stuck on a particular question her partner looked back through the text with her and helped her find the correct answer. This shows that having a MKO helps a child’s development as without her partner A would have been unable to find the answer. In the Literacy lesson (A2) A was given a list of sentences to reorder into a correct set of instructions. From observations it appeared A struggled slightly at first, however the CT took time to go back over with A the work they had completed in previous lessons on instructions. CT then linked the previous work to the new task A was being asked to complete. A completed the task after this with no further assistance. The CT had identified A’s ZPD and had given her enough support to then enable A to complete the work independently. This also incorporated the ‘scaffolding’ approach, where prior knowledge is identified then a new concept is introduced and finally the new learning is connected to the prior knowledge. The observations demonstrate that A’s development within the classroom was aided by her social interactions with her peers as well as her CT. Without these interactions A would have been unable to fully complete the tasks she had been set. According to Erikson’s Social Learning Theory A is in psychosocial stage 4 which is known as Industry vs Inferiority. During this stage (which covers the ages of 5-11 years approximately) ‘through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities. ’ (Cherry, 2012) Erikson believed that in this stage children are more willing to share and be reasonable; they want to work hard and do well at school. Peer groups begin to have greater significance and can have an impact on the child’s self-esteem and confidence. If children are praised and encouraged during this stage they can feel industrious and confident about their abilities. However if they are not encouraged they can feel inferior and doubt their abilities and therefore they may not reach their full potential. (McLeod, 2008) During an observation (A3) A was working with a group of 4 other children. They all worked well together, they shared ideas and cooperated with each other to complete the task. This agrees with Erikson’s theories that during this stage a child wants to do well and can share and be reasonable. At the end of the lesson the CT told A’s group to put their names up on the class reward chart for working so well together and completing the work to such a high standard. From observations it was apparent that this really pleased A, she cheered out loud and could be heard saying to another classmate how happy she was. This indicated that being given praise about her work really made A feel confident about her abilities. During a free play activity A was observed (A4) with 3 other classmates who are part of a friendship group with A, they were drawing pictures of their houses. During this activity one of the classmates said that A’s picture was not very good. A was upset by this and spoke to the CT about it; she told the CT that she was ‘rubbish’ at drawing anyway. After this A didn’t want to draw anymore and instead went and sat on her own and read a book. This observation shows that A’s peer group had an effect on her emotional wellbeing. The classmate had made A feel inferior about her work and this meant that she then doubted and lost confidence in her abilities. Bandura’s social learning theory proposes ‘that children learn by watching and imitating others. (Doherty amp; Hughes, 2009, P. 38) Observations of A demonstrate that A does copy what she observes her peers doing. During observation A4 A was watching two girls dancing, from what the CT has said the two girls are considered popular within the class and from other observations it has been noticed that A does try to make friends with them on a regula r basis. After the two girls had stopped dancing A approached them and started trying to dance exactly as they had. The two girls watched her and then clapped and said she had danced really well. After this A then danced in a similar way again. This shows that A’s social development is following Banduras theory, she has observed a behaviour and then she has reproduced it. Bandura states that there will be ‘a consequence that changes the probability the behaviour will be performed again (reinforcement and punishment). ’ (Doherty amp; Hughes, 2009, p. 39) A’s motivation for performing the dance was to win the approval of the two girls; she achieved this and therefore performed the dance again. This also links back to Erikson’s theory that peer groups play a more important role during this stage of a child’s life. The observations show that A’s social and emotional development is, as both Erikson’s and Bandura’s theories demonstrated, linked to the environment around her and the social interaction she has with people around her. How can the individual’s development and learning be extended? When compared to some child development theories the observations have shown that A’s cognitive and social development is in the normal range for her age. They have also shown however that there is room for A’s development and learning to be extended. For example, A’s confidence could be improved. The observations demonstrate that A becomes upset when she receives negative responses from her peers and teachers. A could be given praise for tasks she completes well to improve this. When A had her name put up on the classroom reward chart the observations show that A’s confidence was enriched. As these observations were all class based it is uncertain whether A has a reward system at home but it could be suggested to A’s Mother that it might benefit A to have one. Observations (A1 amp; A3) also appear to show that A has more confidence when she is working within a group; she seems to need the reinforcement of others. When A is working alone (A2) she is less confident in her abilities; this seems to be because she does not have the reassurance of others working with her. To build A’s confidence A could be praised more for her independent work than for her group work as ‘reinforcements through praise, demonstrations of approval and tangible rewards increase the frequency of desirable behaviour reoccurring. ’ (Doherty amp; Hughes, 2009, P. 06) It is useful to see that peer collaboration provides a good way for children to extend their learning, A worked well within a group especially when the group was of mixed abilities (A3). It is important to remember that sometimes, such as Vygotsky’s MKO theory shows, children can peer tutor those less able than them with great effect. The observations of A were all carried out wit h the classroom, this does mean there are certain limitations to the findings about A’s development. In order to get a more rounded picture of A’s development observations within the home would also be necessary. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory places high significance on the environment with which a child interacts, it recognises that how a child lives and is bought up are important influences on how a child develops. ‘Development should be studied in the home, schools and community where children live. ’ (Bronfenbrenner, 1979 cited in Doherty amp; Hughes, 2009, P. 43) There are many different child development theories and this case study has shown that the development of a child cannot be measured against one theory alone. All of the theorists that have been used as examples within this assignment each take a different stance on how a child develops and learns. The ideas within them overlap and in order to gain a better understanding into a child’s development it is useful to apply more than one theory to the observations. References Doherty, J. and Hughes, M. , 2009, Child Development: Theory and Practise 0-11. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd A Level Psychology. (2008). Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development (online) Available at

About the International Trade Policy of China

In the face of the trade protectionism attack countries for Chinese enterprises, China must develop a correct and effective international trade policy, in order to maintain the placement of Chinese enterprises, industries, economy. Keywords: China; international trade; policy 1. 0 China faces the competitive environment of international trade 1. 1 International market and its institutional environment is quite grim. With Chinas accession to the WTFO, China will be faced with the challenge of all- round, mufti-level, the first is the establishment of an open economy.Unlike Saiss Four Little Dragons can not be a one-way directly to the international market forward, can only enter the gradual opening up of the domestic market, while the broad international market. The same time, China had fully accepted the WTFO and developed a series of international trade regimes, guidelines, although these systems, not entirely reasonable guidelines for developing countries like China. 1. 2 Trade protectionism is showing a new form. Todays international economy, while continuously advancing wave of trade liberalizing, trade protectionism emerged in various new face.Between the start of the competition between the countries with the enterprise, competition between industries combined, so that the pattern of international competition becomes intensified. Emerging trade protectionism s often the name of the protection of the living environment and human health, protect the global common interests banner, take advantage of the economic gap between the developing countries with the developed countries on the development of China plus a disguised form of trade protection policy.For these new protection policy, which most applicable is technical barriers and gree n barriers green barriers in developed countries the heavy impact of Chinas merchandise exports largely affect Chinas domestic export enterprises, the impact no less than the impact of the anti-dumping cases. 1. 3 The trend Of the new economy presents new opportunities and challenges. The development of information technology so that the world economy showing a new trend, which has brought new opportunities for Chinas economic development, but also brought new challenges.The new opportunities mainly in the developed countries, state- of-the-art technology, equipment flows provide the technology and back-up resources for the establishment of modern enterprise. New economic operation and management mechanisms through the establishment and development of the network industry, established Chinese companies can take advantage of information technology to the development of information- intensive industries, or the development of the information on a capital- intensive products and information a labor intensive type products, in order to develop a new market demands.We can also make use of the mechanism of the international division of labor, the development of new export-oriented industries, participation in international and regional division of labor, and thus the formation of a new economic growth point. But once China did not seize this opportunity, it will make the Chinese economy in a very unfavorable situation in the new international division of labor system. . 4 State intervention with the simultaneous development of a free trade. In the context of economic globalization, trade liberalizing continued rapid development of the world showing the formulation of international trade policy liberalizing trend of development, the adjustable limit free trade policy at this time has become the mainstream.But at the same time, the major countries of the world (especially American and European countries), the government increasingly involved in international trade, either public or secret protectionist trade policies, so as to achieve the purpose of support and protect domestic enterprises . Game of governments around the world in international trade has become an important component part of modern international relations. 1. 5 The competitive structure of the foreign trade enterprises to undergo significant changes. The 21st century, the prevalence Of the trend Of international mergers and acquisitions, the formation of the new oligarchic economy many industries are beginning to not perfectly competitive market, the global strategic vision of the national large-scale enterprise highlights. But now, the relationship of the Chinese enterprises and foreign multinational companies are still in the competition for the operation of the Chinese market stage.Multinationals continue in China large-scale, systematic investment, China has become a part of their global strategic thinking, the domestic market with the international market closely combine to make domestic and international competition and international competition in the domestic synchronous development, thus contributing to Chinas economy more quickly integrated into the development process of economic globalization, Chinas foreign trade enterprises are facing extremely harsh environment of international competition.At the same time, the eco nomic interest in a wide range Of development and policy coordination capacity defeat also intensified competition in international trade between Chinas foreign trade enterprises and regions, domestic enterprises is very difficult to achieve unanimously. Moreover, the Chinese industry merging the ongoing restructuring of the trade structure as well as the diversification of the structure of interest, resulting in the combination between Chinese and foreign enterprises and mutual penetration of mutual control, asked, friend and foe hard to make Chinese and foreign enterprises. . 0 Chinas international trade policy options . 1 Promote the liberalizing of international trade under WTFO regime. The China WTFO members, Chinas trade policy must be based on open WTFO free trade system, must be determined by the WTFO principles, rules promote the liberalizing of international trade. In general, the guidelines developed by the WTFO on trade policies and trade practices, norms advocated trade liberalizing gradually.Their performance in the following aspects: (l) on the basis of the market economy and open trade system. (2) the establishment and maintenance of a fair trade environment. (3) to take a standardized and transparent trade adjustment policies. 4) allows the economy outside the WTFO trade policy rules the event. In actual trade exchanges, transactions and part of trade policy and WTFO principle conflict contrary happens is also inclusive.These policies: the international balance of payments, imports damage defense measures, regional economic integration, infant industry protection, and developing countries policies. Under the rules of the WTFO trade policy, Chinas trade policy choices embodied in promoting the liberalizing of international trade trends and the use of WTFO protection measures on the domestic market, industry, enterprise, appropriate the necessary protection. . Based on the development status of the countrys trade legal system to develop according to their own interests. The economic strength of the different countries is very different, and thus taken on his trade policy is not the same. Either in the past or in the WTFO framework, the nature of international trade policy are protective, and more systematic protection under the WTFO framework, offensive, legitimacy, and diff icult to deal with. After Chinas accession to the WTFO, must develop a set of beneficial trade legal system in line with Chinas national conditions of Chinas interests, to protect their own markets and businesses; Second, the mommies industry in the interests of the industry after Chinas accession to the WTFO allocation conflict, therefore, must safeguard the interests of various classes and social strata coordinate to promote the stable development of society, must be developed in order to solve this problem, the administrative laws and regulations related measures. 2. To build Chinas non-tariff barriers to protect the system. WTFO advocate trade liberalizing process, the use of non-tariff barriers made many prohibitive provisions. But its mode of thinking with rules and norms to eliminate barriers to trade, but at the same mime it rules, norms allow reasonable protection of trade. These means of protection measures is mainly non;tariff barriers. Such as anti-dumping and quarantine measures, technical standards, environmental standards and so on. Many countries, especially in Western developed countries attach great importance to the application of Nan-tariff measures.Therefore, China should also be within the WTFO framework, the clever use of these international trade protection mesas rest, to build a system of tariffs, non-tariff protection. (1 ) to strengthen the protection of non-tariff barriers. Want protection system of on-tariff barriers, according to international practice and the needs of the development of Chinas economic and trade structure, characteristics, and the introduction of timing, and cooperate with each other as well as transparency, to conduct a comprehensive, in-depth research.In particular, to strengthen the environmental protection measures, the establishment and implementation of the technical standards of safety standards, strictly prevent foreign substandard products contaminated products to enter China in any form. (2) to strengthen the accord nation and cooperation measures f non-tariff barriers and tariff barriers. With the decline in tariff rates, the growing role of non-tariff barriers.

Business analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business analysis - Essay Example Retail is all about selling goods from businesses or individuals to the end user. In this industry retailers are often considered to be a part of the integrated supply chain. Large quantities or products are purchased by retailers from respective manufacturers. These purchasing process are either done through a wholesaler or directly from the producer and are then passed on to the end users in considerable small quantities. There are various mechanisms through which retailing can be done either in the form of fixed stores or markets or by delivery or door to door selling. The retail industry in the present scenario is considered to be the most competitive industry. As the consumer market demand is increasing there are many new players emerging in this segment which is making the competition fierce. It can be stated that customers are at a profitable end in terms of the scenario of retail industry with multiple players operating to deliver best services and goods at competitive prices . In context of global retail industry there are firms performing their operations through online websites, home delivery and even increasing convenience of users by electronic payment. Retailing is usually associated with providing services to a wide base of customers and encompassing wide range of products. This may include clothing to grocery or even any other household items. However the type of products which are included in a retail store are food products such as those which require facilities of a cold storage, durable goods or hard goods such as appliances, automobiles, sporting goods, electronics, furniture, etc., consumables or soft goods such as clothing, footwear, medicines, other fabrics, cosmetics and stationary, and the last type of product is arts. The importance of selecting a particular industry in this study is that it would help to identify the probable challenges which are affecting the industry. On the

Teacher Attitude Towards Performance Incentives in Georgia Dissertation

Teacher Attitude Towards Performance Incentives in Georgia - Dissertation Example The effectiveness of the teachers has a greater influence on the learning of students, than any other factors affecting the student learning in the control of schools in the world that include the size of the school, the size of the class, and the effectiveness of â€Å"after-school programs† (Bacharach & David 2009). There have been concerns on Georgia about the contribution of teachers towards the studying of students and the quality of the teacher workforce and there have been calls to reform the compensation of teachers. The survey result would be an indication of how the teacher attitudes differ by personal characteristics such as subject area, school assignment, or experience as well as the teacher workforce that include the school performance and the level of trust among teachers and principals. There have been calls by policymakers, analysts, and education advocates that the criterion used on teacher compensation is inappropriate and therefore it has been criticized as being too uniform and rigid. Critics claim that the present system in Georgia is not efficient as it concentrates on the experience of teachers and the qualifications they hold alone and this makes the teaching profession unattractive to result oriented people who might be having technical skills (Michael, 2007). Moreover, the critics of this compensation system for teachers argue that the present system does not do much in regard to motivate and reward effective teachers. Therefore instead of the uniform pay of teachers that goes ahead to ignore the labor market realities, reformers argue that they have provided the teachers with a varied incentive. However, despite the reformers claiming of the different incentives to teachers, this does not have any effect on the teacher motivation. The incentives have given too little as compared to the teaching assignments (Ballou, 2009). The Problem in Question According to a US study, there has been the comparison of the effectiveness of rew arding a select group of teachers against all the teachers in the school (Baugh, 2009). An analysis of the National Education Longitudinal Study, the US Department of Education's School, and the data from the Staffing Survey on performance pay came up with a conclusion that rewarding a select group of teachers was effective in student learning as compared to the whole school (Brodie & Ron 2008). However, several recent studies reveal that rewarding of the entire group of teachers in the whole school have a positive affect on the test scores of students. In addition, the research shows that through rewarding the teachers uniformly the teachers have an opportunity and encouraged to cooperate with the other teachers in the school by sharing their experiences. Critics of the selected pay program believe that the whole-school performance pay system are more acceptable to the teachers and less â€Å"controversial† (Donald & James, 2010). Regarding this, evidence of the problem that calls for farther research on the problem before policy recommendations are made. The purpose of this study is to find out why the teachers have different views regarding the pay for performance initiative. Definitions In this section, the definition of performance pay is dealt within general to set up a context on how it applies to the teachers specifically in Georgia. Therefore the key word in this paper is pay for performance in Georgia. This is the plan to have a direct relationship between the employee pay and the output of the employee. The pay for performance plan often considers of a select group of persons or the whole group of people. This plan is in line with the mostly held belief in humans that employee need to be rewarded depending on their