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Human Resources And Human Resource Development Essay

Human resource development is a broadly used term that refers to the helping employees develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge, and abilities (The Balance. N.p.). The term has different connotations as it may refer to development of human capacities with the aim raising profit in business but also, especially in developing countries, with the aim of achieving personal and societal advancement (Cengage Learning, 2016.). Human resource development can be used by both public organizations, such as governments, and private corporations (Cengage Learning, 2016.). The focus of all aspects of human resource development is on developing the most superior workforce so that the organization and individual employees can accomplish their work goals in service to customers (The Balance. N.p.). Also, it is the framework for the expansion of human capital within an organization through the development of both the organization and the individual to achieve performance improvement (Boundless Business, 26 May 2016.). Human capital is sometimes used synonymously with human resources, although human capital typically refers to a more narrow view (Boundless Business, 26 May 2016.). Human capital is the stock of competencies, knowledge, and social and personality attributes, including creativity, embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value (Boundless Business, 26 May 2016.). It is an aggregate economic view of the human being acting withinShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management : Human Resources Development1748 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resource management entails managing recruitment, planning, and implementing a selection of organizational development training within the business. The goals that the HRM has is maximizing the productivity of the workplace by improving the effectiveness of their employees while at one time improving and treating the work life of employees as valuable resources. Human resources development: To encompasses the efforts to promote personal development, the company’s employee satisfaction, andRead MoreHuman Resource Development2731 Words   |  11 Pages1. Introduction of Study: Human Resource Development (HRD) at micro level or organizational level is a process by which employees of an organization are helped in systematic and continuous way to: Develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge and abilities. Human Resource Development includes such opportunities as employees training, employee career development, performance management and development, coaching, succession planning, key employee identification, tuition assistanceRead MoreThe Relationship Between Human Resource Management and Human Resource Development976 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Relationship Between Human Resource Management and Human Resource Development Diana Williams National American University Understanding the Relationship Between Human Resource Management and Human Resource Development Human resource management (HRM) is the umbrella under which all other human resource activities are found. Some of the major activities under the umbrella are: benefits and compensation, health safety and security, human resource planning, staffing, equal employmentRead MoreHuman Resource Development : Hrd1607 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resource development well known as HRD, is a rough draft for helping employees mature their individual and organizational skills, knowledge, and abilities. Human Resource Development contains many opportunities for â€Å"employee training, employee career development, performance management and development, coaching, mentoring, succession planning, key employee identification, tuition assistance, and organization development.† Human resources take the part of a vital role in developing a business’sRead MoreHuman Resource Development7684 Words   |  31 PagesResearch Article focuses on the analysis and resolution of managerial issues based on analytical and empirical studies. A Study of HRD Concepts, Structure of HRD Departments, and HRD Practices in India T V Rao, Raju Rao, and Taru Yadav Human Resource Development (HRD) as a function has evolved in India indigenously from the year 1975 when LarsenToubro (LT) conceptualized HRD as an integrated system and decided to separate it from the personnel function. Since then, most organizations have startedRead MoreHuman Resource Development : China1082 Words   |  5 PagesThe emergence of People’s Republic of China in the last two decades has been remarkable. This paper will analyse and review the procedures which led to human resource development (HRD) in China. People’s Republic of China is the world’s most populous nation with an abundance of manpower availability. The human resources in China were under-utilized because of many reasons. Since China got independence in 1949 till late 1970’s, they followed a highly centralized economic planning system, unlike theRead MoreHuman Resource Planning And Development1444 Words   |  6 PagesHuman resource is an important aspect in every organizatio n and none can exist without it. Therefore, the human resource department is charged with the role of hiring, training and development as well as payroll management among other staff related activities. The human resource objectives must be aligned with the overall organization’s objectives in order to avoid conflict of interests. Consequently, it is important to develop a strategic plan which encompasses the various factors that are involvedRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm ) And Human Resources Development Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership in Human Resource Management (HRM) and Human Resource Development (HRD) have strong associations to people based initiatives within an organization. Employee actions and behaviors are inï ¬â€šuenced by HRM practices such as stafï ¬ ng, evaluation of employees, and incentives or rewards, and HRD practices such as training and career development. HRM is tasked with making the best possible use of the organizations human  resources, while HRD is an extension of HRM that focuses on the development of theRead MoreDevelopment Of Human Resource Management Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesReview â€Å"Thirty-two years of development of human resource management in China: Review and prospects† (Shuming Zhao, Juan Du, 2012) is a journal paper that concentrating on the hypothetical advancements and practical applications of HRM, it first audits the move of HRM in China from planned labor force allocation to current HR management in three particular eras since China s reformation and opening-up. After, it analyzes and discusses the difficulties of human resource management research and itsRead MoreHuman Resource Planning and Development3902 Words   |  16 PagesHuman Resource Planning and Development Md. Helal Uddin Business Administration Discipline Khulna University 2010 Md. Helal Uddin, Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University. helal_bba_ku@yahoo.com. Introduction Human resources are inimitable, appropriable, valuable and scarce, and nonsubstitutable asset which can create competitive advantages. People and their skills are the one thing that competitor organizations cannot imitate. So, human resource management is firmly embedded

Martin Luther King Jr. Free Essays

Martin Luther King Jr. Free Essays Martin Luther King was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. When he was grown, he wrote that he came from a family â€Å"where love was central and where lovely relationships were ever present† (Colaiaco, 1984). He could never remember his parents fighting, and he was surrounded by people with deep religious beliefs and a profound sense of human dignity. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King Jr. or any similar topic only for you Order Now His father was pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church and his mother had been a teacher. Her father had been pastor of Ebenezer before his death. Martin had an older sister; Christine, and a younger brother, A.D. Martin grew up during the Depression, a time when many were without jobs and had to struggle to make a living. His family wasn’t wealthy, but they were comfortable and had enough to eat. Discussion and Background Hans Luther sent his son to the University of Effort to maintain the dream of him becoming a lawyer. By 1505, Luther had completed the Bachelor s program and received his Master s degree. He was on his way to becoming the lawyer that his father had always dreamed of, until June 1505. On his way back to the University after visiting his family, Martin was caught in a thunderstorm and a flash of lightning hit him. In the open field where he laid, he promised God he would join a religious order. (Leonard, 2002) When Martin s friends heard of his promise, they were shocked. His father was angered that he had spent a large amount of money to send his son to school, and his son was not going to be able to support the family. For the rest of his brief life, he inspired people to fight for their rights using nonviolent means (Lincoln, 2001). King paid a great price for his vision. From 1956 until his death in 1968, he was arrested, stabbed, stoned, and finally assassinated. And although he loved his family, he was often away from home, traveling tirelessly, from town to town, state to state, and even to Europe, Africa, and Asia to share his dream of peace and love. Conclusion In 1964, Martin Luther King, Jr., won the Nobel Peace Prize. This important award is given almost every year to the person, people, or organization most responsible for promoting peace. King, at age thirty – five, was the youngest person ever to receive the prize. In December, he set off with family and friends to Oslo, Norway, where the award ceremony look place. On his return, King was shower with honors. The city of Atlanta, where he lived, gave him a dinner. Together blacks and whites sang the civil rights movement’s anthem, â€Å"We Shall Overcome† (Lincoln, 2001). Only a few years before, King had been arrested in Atlanta for trying to eat al an all-white lunch counter. References Colaiaco, James A. (1984).†The American Dream Unfulfilled: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the ‘Letter from the Birmingham Jail’.† Phylon. Leonard, Cowries, W. (2002) Martin Luther Jr. Leader of the Reformation. New York: Fredrick A. Pager. Lincoln, C. Eric, (2001). Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Profile. American Century Series. New York: Hill and Wang. P 156-159 How to cite Martin Luther King Jr., Essay examples Martin Luther King Jr. Free Essays Introduction The author of the letter, Martin Luther King Jr. was the most well-known fighter for the rights of the Afro-Americans in the USA. Moreover, this man was one of the most educated among the social and political activists contemporary to him, that’s why he could lead the discussion with the white politicians and religious leaders, and persuade them in the rightness of his ideas. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King Jr. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Discussion and Background In order to prove his viewpoint, Martin Luther brings the examples from the religious sources, such as the New and Old Testament, from the history of the American democracy, and from the world history. For example, in order to explain and support his vision of the just and unjust laws Martin Luther provides the words of the middle-age catholic religious leader and mystic St. Thomas Aquinas, and when the need for the civil disobedience needs to be proved, he brings the example of the people who disobeyed the command to give all the Jews to the Nazi government both in Germany and occupied countries.   To support this claim he also recalled the early Christians who refused to obey the orders of Nebuchadnezzar, as those were against their moral and religious beliefs. (Franklin, 1990) In order to clear himself from the accusations in the extremism, Martin Luther recalled the well-known phrases and sayings by the famous people. In his writing Martin Luther talked about priests and ministers, clearly displaying that all of them were sometimes capable of the heroic words and deeds, and of the cowardice or malice pretense. (Erskine, 1994) To reach this goal, the writer brings the examples that support his claims both from the social and religious life, puts them near in the text and illustrates the same things with them. He also justifies his followers’ actions, which are of political and social significance, by the religious principles and values found in the Bible. In his writing Martin Luther King expresses deep concern for the fate of the American democracy which shatters its authority by acting against the principles its leaders have always been proclaiming. He claims that the separation of the church and state, that has been happening for quite a long time now, affects badly the moral condition of the politicians together with the ordinary citizens, as the first propose and accept the laws that are out of tune with both the religious principles and the moral values most human beings share and try to follow, while the second do not protest against it, accepting all the unjust decisions of those, who are in power at the moment. (King, 1983) Conclusion As stated in the beginning, Letter from Birmingham Jail is considered to be the classical example of the political writing, the one which made its way to the textbooks. I hope that after reading this essay you will understand the causes for that. Martin Luther King touched lots of vital questions in his letter, and he did it with such skill that people read it and benefit from it to the present time. References Erskine, Noel Leo. (1994). King Among the Theologians. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press. Franklin, Robert Michael. (1990). Liberating Visions: Human Fulfillment and Social Justice in African-American Thought. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. King, Coretta Scott, ed. (1983). The Words of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Newmarket Press. How to cite Martin Luther King Jr., Essay examples Martin Luther King Jr. Free Essays Martin Luther King Jr. Role model defined by dictianry. com is a person whose behavior, example, or success is or can be emulated by others. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King Jr. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Role models are those who possess the qualities that we would like to have and those who affect us in a way that makes us want to be better people. They teach us to take leadership and follow our goals that are emulated off them. My role model is Martin Luther King Jr. because he is hardworking, a leader, and humble. Martin Luther King Jr. as hardworking due to the fact that he led protest marches despite the critics and the government, he was arrested for fighting for equal rights, he continued past the death threats, and remained so determined that he even put his life up for the cause. What makes him so inspiring is that it would have been much easier for Dr. King to fight with violence but he didn’t, he fought with non-violence i. e. protests. Also he not only fought for black rights but he fought for the rights of the oppressed. On top of this he was a pastor that preached God’s message and he raised a family. He was so determined at fighting for equal rights that he got arrested 28 times and that did not deter him. His actions were recognized by the Nobel Peace Prize which just shows how much Martin Luther King Jr. did. Martin Luther King Jr. was also a leader. He would stir thousands of people with his emotional speeches. His most well-known speech â€Å"I had a dream† just exemplifies how he could fight his way for freedom. Also he organized and created multiple organizations for equal rights. Most leaders direct their attention toward their own group, but King wanted freedom and equality for all. His words of wisdom opened many eyes and shaped the nation. Dr. King was a revolutionary because he did something about the hatred and violence which seemed normal. The reason today black and whites can walk together is because of Martin Luther King Jr. Lastly Martin Luther King Jr. was humble. He gave a speech about how humanity needs to be humble and those words he spoke were his actions. Regardless of how much fame and attention Martin Luther King Jr. got he would continue to work on his mission and not get caught up in the media. Also his non-violence methods were adopted from Gandhi showing he respected others and that he knew people were smarter than him. He was so humble that, at one time, lived in poor conditions and was abused even though he has an average lifestyle. This is why I believe the perfect role model is Martin Luther King Jr. We should try to emulate him because of his leadership, his humbleness, and his dedication. I, personally, can say that throughout my day I will try to strive to be like Dr. King and one day hope to make a change on society like him. How to cite Martin Luther King Jr., Papers

HRM and Management of Clinicians

Question: Discuss about the HRM and Management of Clinicians. Answer: Introduction There is a requirement to manage the healthcare organization as it is directly related to the health of the individuals. These health issues must be resolved through the proper management of the Human resource department of the organization. Human resource department plays a vital role in the management of any health care or hospital. There are many types of challenges faced by the human resource of health care departments. But these challenges and issues can be overcome though effective implementation of Human resource policies and strategies. We can observe in many literatures that the human resource department has improved the healthcare department in many ways. There are many functions performed by the human resource department like performance appraisal, staffing, recruitment, training and development, etc. The roles and responsibilities of human resource management are applicable to the healthcare department that includes the legal and ethical responsibilities of the company. As we know that the practices of human resource plays are vital role in very type of organization whether it is healthcare or any other organization. It is observed that in the hospitals and healthcare institutions the rate of turnover of nurses and other staff is very high. In order to improve the turnover rate, the effective Human Resource practices are applied to entire organization. It guides the staff so that the performance of the employees can be measured and effective actions can be applied to improve the same. There is a need to motivate the employees working in the healthcare department so that they can work with a satisfaction (Jamal, Adwan, 2008). There are provisions of moral and material incentives for the employees working in the first hospital. It helps to generate the desires of the employees to continue with the work and also provide them services related to medical and health. The employees also required training classes as they have to perform well. In health care department the quality of service provided must be of first class as it related to the health of the employees. The degree of services provided by the staff will improved to a large extent after applying the Human resource services (Simon, Chan, 2012). Al Kudhat Mohammad suggested that the methods for selecting and recruiting the staff members must be appropriate. The selected staff must be compatible with the upcoming technologies in the external environment of the first hospital. The major findings of this study are to determine the relation between the technological changes and the personality traits of the employees in respect to the first hospital. The specific and specialist staff is also required to manage the design of work, higher attributes, nature of work, and job classification of the employees (McKinnies, et.al. 2010). There are many reasons due to which the first hospital was facing poor performance of the employees. It is found that there was a lack of interest by the managers of the head department in this hospital. They have to improve the conditions of the hospital by developing the staff, motivation them to work, proving them performance appraisals, development of incentives systems, etc. (McConville, 2003) The courses of actions that would you recommended to the CEO in the first hospital as a way to improve the operation of HRM at the hospital It is recommended that the CEO should improve the incentive policies and systems to motivate the employees. Financial motivation is the most effective way to bring the satisfaction of the employees. It is the most effective way though which the staff of the first hospital can be improved. The development of personnel management can also help the healthcare department of the first hospital to establish effective system in the organization. It is relevant to engage the staff and employees of the first hospital in the functional task so that they can work with confidence in the health institution in which they are working. There must be a continuous growth and development of the staff and the focus should be on the performance of the staff members. It is also recommended that there is a requirement of measurement of employees performance through performance appraisal methods and feedbacks should be communicated to the entire organization (Fiona, Geare, 2005). The key features of building sustainable HR CAPABILITY The impact of human resources on health sector reform is very effective and positive. While determining the global systems for the health care, it is useful and important tool to explore and examine the affect of human resources and its department on the health reform sector. An HR is a person who can help in succeeding implementation of the Hr and business practices. Now days, every organization including the first hospital also give a commitment of sustainable development and growth in their organization. It is not easy for the companies to measure integrate and implement the sustainability but with effective practices many organization has brought sustainable development (Zairi, 2002). We can observe that it create a huge and positive impact on the healthcare institutions. The performance of the staff and the other members will improve with the positive influence of human resource management. There are many types of human resource practices that help to the managers to measure the performance of the employees and provide training to the members who required to be trained. There are few practices that need to be addressed to bring sustainability in the human resource practices of the first hospital. Human resource is the key person who can use his critical thinking to bring sustainability (Harris, Cortvriend, Hyde, (2007). There must be sustainable vision and mission of the organization- To apply the policies and strategies related to the sustainability it is necessary to firstly identify the vision and mission of the first hospital. The visions and mission of the organization must describe the commitment of the business practices (Mathis, Jackson, 2006). There is a requirement of building an aligned leadership pipelines so that there should be an effect of leadership and hr roles I the organizations. The agenda of sustainability is that there must be a development that provides positivity to all the people related to the first hospital. Leaders are the individuals who are responsible in bringing all sorts of strategies and policies and also define the agenda of sustainability. They are the role models and ideals hence they are the key role players of the company. The initial stage of sustainability starts from the policy formation of the leaders of the company and they carry forward the policies and implement them in entire organization (Valverde, Ryan, (2006). To drive the sustainability agenda, there is a requirement to create an appropriate structure of the organizational and mechanism of governance. The first hospital must establish and effective structure in their organization to adopt strong governance and coordination among the employees. It also helps in establishment of authority and responsibility to drive the sustainability agenda. The hospital organization generally adopts formal structure (O'Brien, 2011). The development of key capabilities of Human resource is to drive sustainability in the organization and to create a sustainable system of human resource practices and systems in the same. The role of the Hr in the first hotel is to establish sustainable business practices at the all levels of the orgnaistaion. Many times the HR of the companies fails to implement the sustainable practices due to the challenges in the implementation. The ability of the Hr is to engage and align the employees to have sustainability agenda. This means that the hr of the first hospital must recruit the employees who have a sense of sustainability in them. The work of hr is to retain the right candidates in the company who can effectively participate in the sustainable development (MarliesOtt, Han van Dijk, 2005). There is a requirement of agile organization in which he employees and staff are able to learn and adapt the changes takes place in the external and internal environment. The way of sustainability is also decided through the adaption and management and learning of changes. The first hospital is an organization that is able to replicate and share the best practices of the sustainable development. They use polices and strategies of sustainability in a continuous manner and make improvements according to the past experiences. From the above mentioned data and information, we can ensure that changes in the strategies and practices of the Hr practices can bring sustainability in the organization. The only requirement is of commitment towards the applicability of positive changes in the business environment. Sustainability is a key feature that helps the organization to create a unique identity and a part of its DNA. In the practice of all above mentioned pints, an Hr and leaders of the company plays the most important role they apply their effective vision and mission that create an impact on the entire organization (Marie McHugh, Karen Johnston Donna McClelland, 2007). Specific role of Hr is the creation o sustainable vision, mission and strategy He is the one who facilitates the growth and development of sustainable mission, vision and strategy. He also access, analyze and evaluate the existing vision, missions that whether they are fulfilling the criteria of sustainability or not. They also create a supportive system that can help the employees and staff of the organization in the implementation of sustainable practices and bringing the perspective of the employees towards the sustainability. The Hr of the organization is an individual who has the ability to communicate the sustainable mission and vision across all the stages of the organization. He also monitors that whether the policies and strategies formed by him are effectively implemented or not. He works horizontally and vertically between the employee and the upper level of the organization (Mukhaimar, Taamenh, 2004). Recommendations With the review of this literature we come to know that there is a requirement of further improvement in the human resource management in the health care and hospitals organizations. The suggested recommendations for the first hospital are to set effective policies and strategies for the human resource management of the hospitality organization. The development of personnel management can also help the healthcare department to establish effective system in the organization. It is relevant to engage the staff and employees of the first hospital in the functional task so that they can work with confidence in the health institution in which they are working. There must be a continuous growth and development of the staff and the focus should be on the performance of the staff members. It is also recommended that there is a requirement of measurement of employees performance through performance appraisal methods and feedbacks should be communicated to the entire organization. Conclusion At last, we can conclude that there is a requirement to have a proper management of the human resource to provide a high quality of the health care. The focus of the human resource management is very much required to have an effective management of the health institutes. The effectiveness in the human resource management policies are achieved by the better outcomes forms the health care in the entire world. The management of the human resource itself is very relevant to compete with the competitive world. There are many types of emerging trends that are directly or indirectly affecting the human resource department of the health care industries. As we have studied above, the sustainable development in the organization whether it is of health care or any other industry plays a vital role as it creates a special identity in the market. We have also learned various policies framed by the Hr of the first hospital that can help many organizations are the establishment of sustainable development and growth of the business organization. References Fiona, E. Geare, A. (2005). HRM practice and employee attitudes: different measures-different results, Department of Management, University of Otago, Harris, C., Cortvriend, P. Hyde, P. (2007). Human resource management and performance in health care organizations, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 21(4/5). Jamal, K. Adwan, A. (2008). The reality of workforce planning in the health sector hospitals the non-governmental sector in the provinces of Gaza. Keating, M. (2011). Managing professionals: exploring the role of the hospital HR function Aoife McDermott, Cardiff University Business School, Cardiff, UK. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 25(6). Lucas, R. (2002). Fragments of HRM in hospitality? Evidence from the 1998 workplace employee relations survey. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 14(5). Marie McHugh, Karen Johnston and Donna McClelland. (2007). HRM and the management of clinicians within the NHS, School of Business Organization and Management, University of Ulster ,Newtownabbey, UK. International Journal of Public Sector, 20(4). MarliesOtt, Han van Dijk, (2005). Effects of HRM on client satisfaction in nursing and care for the elderly. Employee Relations, 27(4). Mathis, R. Sc. Jackson, J. (2006). Human Resource Management (11thed.). Mason, OH: Thomson Southwestern. McConville, T. (2003). The filling in the Sandwich: HRM and middle managers in thehealth sector. University of Plymouth Business School, Plymouth, UK, and Len Holden, Vol. 28 No. 5/6, MCB University Press. McKinnies, R., Collins, S., Collins, K. Sc. Matthews, E. (2010). Lack of performance: The top reasons for terminating healthcare employees. Journal of Management, 32(3). Mukhaimar, M. Taamenh, J. (2004). Recent trends for the hospital management: concepts and applications. O'Brien, M. (2011). HR's Take on the Office. Human Resource Executive Online. Salah, M. D. (2012). Measuring the dimensions of the quality of medical services provided in the Jordanian government hospitals from the perspective of patients and staff. Simon, C. H. Chan, W. (2012). High performance human resource practices and organizational performance The mediating role of occupational safety and health. Department of Management and Marketing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Vol. 3 No. 2. Valverde, M. Ryan, G. (2006). Distributing HRM responsibilities: a classification of organizations, Universitat Rovira Virgili, Department of Business ,Avinguda Universitat, Tarragona, Spain, Vol. 35 No. 6, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Zairi, M. (2002). Building human resources capability in health care: a global analysis of best practice part I. Health Manpower Management, 24(3), MCB University.

Performance Analysis free essay sample

In 2010, the global economy had shown a slight recovery from the downfall of previous year, despite the expiry of government economic stimulus programs in many countries. The continued expansionary monetary policy and the rapid growth expansion in the emerging markets led to above-average growth of the global economy. High-export countries such as Germany benefited from the double-digit growth of global trade. The automotive industry as a whole recovered from previous year’s financial and economic crisis and riding on this upstream Volkswagen Group successfully strengthen its market position setting a new milestone with its output exceeding the seven million mark for the first time, an impressive increase of 13. 7% vehicle deliveries. Basically, the Volkswagen Group is subdivided into two divisions which is Automotive Division that focus on the development of vehicles and engines, the production and sale of passenger cars, commercial vehicles, trucks and busses and the genuine parts business while the Financial Services Division’s provides financial solutions to its clientele such as dealer and customer financing, leasing, banking, insurance activities and lastly fleet management. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Performance In year 2010, Volkswagen Group recorded an increased in unit sales of 15. 4% year-on-year to 7. 3 million vehicles while sales revenue was up by 20. 6% to â‚ ¬126. 9 billion. Furthermore, the Western Europe counter-parts have yet to redeem themselves from the 2008 financial crisis contributed to the slowdown. Although there is also an increase in sales in Europe or remaining markets, especially because of the rapid new car registration in Russia, it was not sufficient to offset the overall decay in sales revenue for the region. Meanwhile for North America, unit sales of group vehicles was 0. million and the sales revenue improved by 33. 3% to â‚ ¬15. 2 billion. In South America, with a growth rate of 7. 5% in Brazil and 8. 3% in Argentina, the group sold 0. 9 million units far exceeding the previous year’s figure by 9. 7%. Judging from the figures mentioned earlier, in seems that the automotive industries in established markets were heavily supported by government economic stimulus programs in 2010. In the case of Volkwagen Group, the incentives provided by their home country was the main catalyst behind their strong surge in sales during the financial turmoil allowing them to improve their market share in the small vehicles segment. Besides political help, the weakening of the euro in 2010 strengthens the income proceeds generated from abroad. Hence, in order to ensure its business remains profitable, Volkswagen Group would continue to strenghten their foothold in developing nations such as China, India, Russia and Brazil where growth opportunities are still present.

Development of the Individual Essay Example

Development of the Individual Essay Example Development of the Individual Essay Development of the Individual Essay For the purpose of privacy my case study child will be known as A throughout this assignment. I have gained permission from A’s parents and my work setting. A is a 7 year old female and is in Year 3, she attends her local mixed sex Primary school. A’s parents separated when A was about 3 years old, it was not an amicable separation although both parents are on better terms now. A lives with her Mother and older sister who is 12 years old. A has regular contact with her Father and goes to stay with him every other weekend and sometimes during school holidays too. According to Bronfenbrenners Ecological System (Doherty amp; Hughes, 2009) these changes were in A’s Microsystem, â€Å"the microsystem is our most immediate context, and for most children, is represented by their family and their home. † (Rank, 2009) Mother says A was not hugely affected by the divorce, however A’s Father has since remarried and has a baby girl who is one year old, this change in A’s Microsystem has affected her. A’s Mum has found her to be quite attention seeking since the arrival of A’s baby half-sister. Both I and the class teacher (CT) have observed A making up stories to her peers and staff in school that appear to be a way of gaining attention. When A was in Reception it was noticed by staff that she struggled to see and used to put her face quite close to the paper when writing, although this was mentioned to A’s Mum at the time, A did not start wearing glasses until she was in Year 1. Apart from this A has no other health problems and her physical development is normal and on track for a child of her age. According to National Curriculum assessment test results she is average in literacy and numeracy. A relies on the few close friends she has within the classroom quite a lot, she often gets upset if they do not sit with her in class, she prefers working with them to working alone. A is not a very confident child and she gains confidence from learning alongside them, this demonstrates Vgotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development theory where â€Å" Vygotsky views interaction with peers as an effective way of developing skills and strategies. † (McLeod, 2007) Despite a lack of confidence A is generally a happy child; she is kind to other children and is always polite and well mannered. From observations A tries hard in class although she does tend to daydream and this can impinge on her then carrying out a task if she has not listened to instructions properly. This viewpoint is supported by A’s Mother who has said A can sometimes be quite ‘dizzy’ at home and ‘in a world of her own’, she forgets things quite easily and has to be reminded quite a lot by her mum, Mother thinks this could be another way of getting her attention. Descriptions and Analysis of Evidence This case study will focus on the areas of social/emotional development and cognitive development. Its aim is to show that A is developing normally in these areas, observations (Appendices A1, A2, A3, A4 amp; A5) of A will be used which, when applied to child development theories, will provide evidence to support this. The method of observation used for this case study was narrative observations made within the classroom. Piaget’s cognitive development theory proposes that there four periods of cognitive development that are common to all children. These are the sensorimotor period, the pre-operational period, the concrete operational period and the formal operational period. According to Piaget A should be in the concrete operational period, which runs from age 7 – 11 years. In this period children ‘begin to think logically about events they experience and can order, evaluate and explain them’ (Doherty amp; Hughes, 2009, p 40). During one observation (A 1) A was completing an activity that involved putting a list of sentences in the correct order to make a set of instructions. A was able to do this accurately and with minimal assistance, this demonstrated that ‘children in the concrete operational period are able logically order objects’ (Doherty amp; Hughes, 2009, p 265). A was also observed (A3) using coordinates to locate places on a fictional map and then making her own map and writing up the coordinates of various places on it. This demonstrates an understanding of spatial reasoning which is another sign that she is in the concrete operational period. Within the concrete operational period Piaget states that a child is able to conserve number and liquid quantity at age 6-7 years and substance and length at age 7-8 years. ‘Conservation is the understanding that any quantity remains the same, despite any physical distortions’ (Walsh, 2011). Appendix 5 shows that when A was asked to perform a liquid conversion test and an object conversion test she was able to do both of these correctly, this again shows that A’s cognitive development is at a level that is expected for her age when compared with Piaget’s cognitive development theory. A flaw in Piaget’s theory is that it does not take into account the role of social interaction, ‘Piaget ignored the role of social interaction. It seems highly likely that children’s learning is strongly influenced by teaching from others. (Walsh, 2011) Piaget believed that development preceded learning; this is unlike Vygotsky who felt social learning preceded development. Vygotsky believed that â€Å"every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). † Vygotsky (cited in Lear ning Theories, 2012). Vygotsky’s theory encompassed three themes, the More Knowledgeable Other (MKO), the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and social interaction. He believed that someone with greater subject knowledge or ability than the learner (MKO) could help the learner develop; the MKO would usually be a teacher or older adult but could also be a peer. The ZPD is, according to Vygotsky, the zone where learning takes place. It is the gap between what the learner can actually do independently and what they can potentially achieve with help from a teacher or with peer collaboration. To Vygotsky social interaction was hugely important and ‘it is through these interactions that children are able to acquire the important values and skills of a society. (Doherty amp; Hughes, 2009, P. 40) Observations of A (A 1 amp; 2) demonstrated that she acquired new knowledge with the help of others. When A was observed during a comprehension session (A 1) she worked together with her partner in order to answer the questions correctly. Peer collaboration, where two students work together to achieve a particular goal, is an important part of Vygotskyâ⠂¬â„¢s theory. When A was stuck on a particular question her partner looked back through the text with her and helped her find the correct answer. This shows that having a MKO helps a child’s development as without her partner A would have been unable to find the answer. In the Literacy lesson (A2) A was given a list of sentences to reorder into a correct set of instructions. From observations it appeared A struggled slightly at first, however the CT took time to go back over with A the work they had completed in previous lessons on instructions. CT then linked the previous work to the new task A was being asked to complete. A completed the task after this with no further assistance. The CT had identified A’s ZPD and had given her enough support to then enable A to complete the work independently. This also incorporated the ‘scaffolding’ approach, where prior knowledge is identified then a new concept is introduced and finally the new learning is connected to the prior knowledge. The observations demonstrate that A’s development within the classroom was aided by her social interactions with her peers as well as her CT. Without these interactions A would have been unable to fully complete the tasks she had been set. According to Erikson’s Social Learning Theory A is in psychosocial stage 4 which is known as Industry vs Inferiority. During this stage (which covers the ages of 5-11 years approximately) ‘through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities. ’ (Cherry, 2012) Erikson believed that in this stage children are more willing to share and be reasonable; they want to work hard and do well at school. Peer groups begin to have greater significance and can have an impact on the child’s self-esteem and confidence. If children are praised and encouraged during this stage they can feel industrious and confident about their abilities. However if they are not encouraged they can feel inferior and doubt their abilities and therefore they may not reach their full potential. (McLeod, 2008) During an observation (A3) A was working with a group of 4 other children. They all worked well together, they shared ideas and cooperated with each other to complete the task. This agrees with Erikson’s theories that during this stage a child wants to do well and can share and be reasonable. At the end of the lesson the CT told A’s group to put their names up on the class reward chart for working so well together and completing the work to such a high standard. From observations it was apparent that this really pleased A, she cheered out loud and could be heard saying to another classmate how happy she was. This indicated that being given praise about her work really made A feel confident about her abilities. During a free play activity A was observed (A4) with 3 other classmates who are part of a friendship group with A, they were drawing pictures of their houses. During this activity one of the classmates said that A’s picture was not very good. A was upset by this and spoke to the CT about it; she told the CT that she was ‘rubbish’ at drawing anyway. After this A didn’t want to draw anymore and instead went and sat on her own and read a book. This observation shows that A’s peer group had an effect on her emotional wellbeing. The classmate had made A feel inferior about her work and this meant that she then doubted and lost confidence in her abilities. Bandura’s social learning theory proposes ‘that children learn by watching and imitating others. (Doherty amp; Hughes, 2009, P. 38) Observations of A demonstrate that A does copy what she observes her peers doing. During observation A4 A was watching two girls dancing, from what the CT has said the two girls are considered popular within the class and from other observations it has been noticed that A does try to make friends with them on a regula r basis. After the two girls had stopped dancing A approached them and started trying to dance exactly as they had. The two girls watched her and then clapped and said she had danced really well. After this A then danced in a similar way again. This shows that A’s social development is following Banduras theory, she has observed a behaviour and then she has reproduced it. Bandura states that there will be ‘a consequence that changes the probability the behaviour will be performed again (reinforcement and punishment). ’ (Doherty amp; Hughes, 2009, p. 39) A’s motivation for performing the dance was to win the approval of the two girls; she achieved this and therefore performed the dance again. This also links back to Erikson’s theory that peer groups play a more important role during this stage of a child’s life. The observations show that A’s social and emotional development is, as both Erikson’s and Bandura’s theories demonstrated, linked to the environment around her and the social interaction she has with people around her. How can the individual’s development and learning be extended? When compared to some child development theories the observations have shown that A’s cognitive and social development is in the normal range for her age. They have also shown however that there is room for A’s development and learning to be extended. For example, A’s confidence could be improved. The observations demonstrate that A becomes upset when she receives negative responses from her peers and teachers. A could be given praise for tasks she completes well to improve this. When A had her name put up on the classroom reward chart the observations show that A’s confidence was enriched. As these observations were all class based it is uncertain whether A has a reward system at home but it could be suggested to A’s Mother that it might benefit A to have one. Observations (A1 amp; A3) also appear to show that A has more confidence when she is working within a group; she seems to need the reinforcement of others. When A is working alone (A2) she is less confident in her abilities; this seems to be because she does not have the reassurance of others working with her. To build A’s confidence A could be praised more for her independent work than for her group work as ‘reinforcements through praise, demonstrations of approval and tangible rewards increase the frequency of desirable behaviour reoccurring. ’ (Doherty amp; Hughes, 2009, P. 06) It is useful to see that peer collaboration provides a good way for children to extend their learning, A worked well within a group especially when the group was of mixed abilities (A3). It is important to remember that sometimes, such as Vygotsky’s MKO theory shows, children can peer tutor those less able than them with great effect. The observations of A were all carried out wit h the classroom, this does mean there are certain limitations to the findings about A’s development. In order to get a more rounded picture of A’s development observations within the home would also be necessary. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory places high significance on the environment with which a child interacts, it recognises that how a child lives and is bought up are important influences on how a child develops. ‘Development should be studied in the home, schools and community where children live. ’ (Bronfenbrenner, 1979 cited in Doherty amp; Hughes, 2009, P. 43) There are many different child development theories and this case study has shown that the development of a child cannot be measured against one theory alone. All of the theorists that have been used as examples within this assignment each take a different stance on how a child develops and learns. The ideas within them overlap and in order to gain a better understanding into a child’s development it is useful to apply more than one theory to the observations. References Doherty, J. and Hughes, M. , 2009, Child Development: Theory and Practise 0-11. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd A Level Psychology. (2008). Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development (online) Available at

About the International Trade Policy of China

In the face of the trade protectionism attack countries for Chinese enterprises, China must develop a correct and effective international trade policy, in order to maintain the placement of Chinese enterprises, industries, economy. Keywords: China; international trade; policy 1. 0 China faces the competitive environment of international trade 1. 1 International market and its institutional environment is quite grim. With Chinas accession to the WTFO, China will be faced with the challenge of all- round, mufti-level, the first is the establishment of an open economy.Unlike Saiss Four Little Dragons can not be a one-way directly to the international market forward, can only enter the gradual opening up of the domestic market, while the broad international market. The same time, China had fully accepted the WTFO and developed a series of international trade regimes, guidelines, although these systems, not entirely reasonable guidelines for developing countries like China. 1. 2 Trade protectionism is showing a new form. Todays international economy, while continuously advancing wave of trade liberalizing, trade protectionism emerged in various new face.Between the start of the competition between the countries with the enterprise, competition between industries combined, so that the pattern of international competition becomes intensified. Emerging trade protectionism s often the name of the protection of the living environment and human health, protect the global common interests banner, take advantage of the economic gap between the developing countries with the developed countries on the development of China plus a disguised form of trade protection policy.For these new protection policy, which most applicable is technical barriers and gree n barriers green barriers in developed countries the heavy impact of Chinas merchandise exports largely affect Chinas domestic export enterprises, the impact no less than the impact of the anti-dumping cases. 1. 3 The trend Of the new economy presents new opportunities and challenges. The development of information technology so that the world economy showing a new trend, which has brought new opportunities for Chinas economic development, but also brought new challenges.The new opportunities mainly in the developed countries, state- of-the-art technology, equipment flows provide the technology and back-up resources for the establishment of modern enterprise. New economic operation and management mechanisms through the establishment and development of the network industry, established Chinese companies can take advantage of information technology to the development of information- intensive industries, or the development of the information on a capital- intensive products and information a labor intensive type products, in order to develop a new market demands.We can also make use of the mechanism of the international division of labor, the development of new export-oriented industries, participation in international and regional division of labor, and thus the formation of a new economic growth point. But once China did not seize this opportunity, it will make the Chinese economy in a very unfavorable situation in the new international division of labor system. . 4 State intervention with the simultaneous development of a free trade. In the context of economic globalization, trade liberalizing continued rapid development of the world showing the formulation of international trade policy liberalizing trend of development, the adjustable limit free trade policy at this time has become the mainstream.But at the same time, the major countries of the world (especially American and European countries), the government increasingly involved in international trade, either public or secret protectionist trade policies, so as to achieve the purpose of support and protect domestic enterprises . Game of governments around the world in international trade has become an important component part of modern international relations. 1. 5 The competitive structure of the foreign trade enterprises to undergo significant changes. The 21st century, the prevalence Of the trend Of international mergers and acquisitions, the formation of the new oligarchic economy many industries are beginning to not perfectly competitive market, the global strategic vision of the national large-scale enterprise highlights. But now, the relationship of the Chinese enterprises and foreign multinational companies are still in the competition for the operation of the Chinese market stage.Multinationals continue in China large-scale, systematic investment, China has become a part of their global strategic thinking, the domestic market with the international market closely combine to make domestic and international competition and international competition in the domestic synchronous development, thus contributing to Chinas economy more quickly integrated into the development process of economic globalization, Chinas foreign trade enterprises are facing extremely harsh environment of international competition.At the same time, the eco nomic interest in a wide range Of development and policy coordination capacity defeat also intensified competition in international trade between Chinas foreign trade enterprises and regions, domestic enterprises is very difficult to achieve unanimously. Moreover, the Chinese industry merging the ongoing restructuring of the trade structure as well as the diversification of the structure of interest, resulting in the combination between Chinese and foreign enterprises and mutual penetration of mutual control, asked, friend and foe hard to make Chinese and foreign enterprises. . 0 Chinas international trade policy options . 1 Promote the liberalizing of international trade under WTFO regime. The China WTFO members, Chinas trade policy must be based on open WTFO free trade system, must be determined by the WTFO principles, rules promote the liberalizing of international trade. In general, the guidelines developed by the WTFO on trade policies and trade practices, norms advocated trade liberalizing gradually.Their performance in the following aspects: (l) on the basis of the market economy and open trade system. (2) the establishment and maintenance of a fair trade environment. (3) to take a standardized and transparent trade adjustment policies. 4) allows the economy outside the WTFO trade policy rules the event. In actual trade exchanges, transactions and part of trade policy and WTFO principle conflict contrary happens is also inclusive.These policies: the international balance of payments, imports damage defense measures, regional economic integration, infant industry protection, and developing countries policies. Under the rules of the WTFO trade policy, Chinas trade policy choices embodied in promoting the liberalizing of international trade trends and the use of WTFO protection measures on the domestic market, industry, enterprise, appropriate the necessary protection. . Based on the development status of the countrys trade legal system to develop according to their own interests. The economic strength of the different countries is very different, and thus taken on his trade policy is not the same. Either in the past or in the WTFO framework, the nature of international trade policy are protective, and more systematic protection under the WTFO framework, offensive, legitimacy, and diff icult to deal with. After Chinas accession to the WTFO, must develop a set of beneficial trade legal system in line with Chinas national conditions of Chinas interests, to protect their own markets and businesses; Second, the mommies industry in the interests of the industry after Chinas accession to the WTFO allocation conflict, therefore, must safeguard the interests of various classes and social strata coordinate to promote the stable development of society, must be developed in order to solve this problem, the administrative laws and regulations related measures. 2. To build Chinas non-tariff barriers to protect the system. WTFO advocate trade liberalizing process, the use of non-tariff barriers made many prohibitive provisions. But its mode of thinking with rules and norms to eliminate barriers to trade, but at the same mime it rules, norms allow reasonable protection of trade. These means of protection measures is mainly non;tariff barriers. Such as anti-dumping and quarantine measures, technical standards, environmental standards and so on. Many countries, especially in Western developed countries attach great importance to the application of Nan-tariff measures.Therefore, China should also be within the WTFO framework, the clever use of these international trade protection mesas rest, to build a system of tariffs, non-tariff protection. (1 ) to strengthen the protection of non-tariff barriers. Want protection system of on-tariff barriers, according to international practice and the needs of the development of Chinas economic and trade structure, characteristics, and the introduction of timing, and cooperate with each other as well as transparency, to conduct a comprehensive, in-depth research.In particular, to strengthen the environmental protection measures, the establishment and implementation of the technical standards of safety standards, strictly prevent foreign substandard products contaminated products to enter China in any form. (2) to strengthen the accord nation and cooperation measures f non-tariff barriers and tariff barriers. With the decline in tariff rates, the growing role of non-tariff barriers.

Business analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business analysis - Essay Example Retail is all about selling goods from businesses or individuals to the end user. In this industry retailers are often considered to be a part of the integrated supply chain. Large quantities or products are purchased by retailers from respective manufacturers. These purchasing process are either done through a wholesaler or directly from the producer and are then passed on to the end users in considerable small quantities. There are various mechanisms through which retailing can be done either in the form of fixed stores or markets or by delivery or door to door selling. The retail industry in the present scenario is considered to be the most competitive industry. As the consumer market demand is increasing there are many new players emerging in this segment which is making the competition fierce. It can be stated that customers are at a profitable end in terms of the scenario of retail industry with multiple players operating to deliver best services and goods at competitive prices . In context of global retail industry there are firms performing their operations through online websites, home delivery and even increasing convenience of users by electronic payment. Retailing is usually associated with providing services to a wide base of customers and encompassing wide range of products. This may include clothing to grocery or even any other household items. However the type of products which are included in a retail store are food products such as those which require facilities of a cold storage, durable goods or hard goods such as appliances, automobiles, sporting goods, electronics, furniture, etc., consumables or soft goods such as clothing, footwear, medicines, other fabrics, cosmetics and stationary, and the last type of product is arts. The importance of selecting a particular industry in this study is that it would help to identify the probable challenges which are affecting the industry. On the

Teacher Attitude Towards Performance Incentives in Georgia Dissertation

Teacher Attitude Towards Performance Incentives in Georgia - Dissertation Example The effectiveness of the teachers has a greater influence on the learning of students, than any other factors affecting the student learning in the control of schools in the world that include the size of the school, the size of the class, and the effectiveness of â€Å"after-school programs† (Bacharach & David 2009). There have been concerns on Georgia about the contribution of teachers towards the studying of students and the quality of the teacher workforce and there have been calls to reform the compensation of teachers. The survey result would be an indication of how the teacher attitudes differ by personal characteristics such as subject area, school assignment, or experience as well as the teacher workforce that include the school performance and the level of trust among teachers and principals. There have been calls by policymakers, analysts, and education advocates that the criterion used on teacher compensation is inappropriate and therefore it has been criticized as being too uniform and rigid. Critics claim that the present system in Georgia is not efficient as it concentrates on the experience of teachers and the qualifications they hold alone and this makes the teaching profession unattractive to result oriented people who might be having technical skills (Michael, 2007). Moreover, the critics of this compensation system for teachers argue that the present system does not do much in regard to motivate and reward effective teachers. Therefore instead of the uniform pay of teachers that goes ahead to ignore the labor market realities, reformers argue that they have provided the teachers with a varied incentive. However, despite the reformers claiming of the different incentives to teachers, this does not have any effect on the teacher motivation. The incentives have given too little as compared to the teaching assignments (Ballou, 2009). The Problem in Question According to a US study, there has been the comparison of the effectiveness of rew arding a select group of teachers against all the teachers in the school (Baugh, 2009). An analysis of the National Education Longitudinal Study, the US Department of Education's School, and the data from the Staffing Survey on performance pay came up with a conclusion that rewarding a select group of teachers was effective in student learning as compared to the whole school (Brodie & Ron 2008). However, several recent studies reveal that rewarding of the entire group of teachers in the whole school have a positive affect on the test scores of students. In addition, the research shows that through rewarding the teachers uniformly the teachers have an opportunity and encouraged to cooperate with the other teachers in the school by sharing their experiences. Critics of the selected pay program believe that the whole-school performance pay system are more acceptable to the teachers and less â€Å"controversial† (Donald & James, 2010). Regarding this, evidence of the problem that calls for farther research on the problem before policy recommendations are made. The purpose of this study is to find out why the teachers have different views regarding the pay for performance initiative. Definitions In this section, the definition of performance pay is dealt within general to set up a context on how it applies to the teachers specifically in Georgia. Therefore the key word in this paper is pay for performance in Georgia. This is the plan to have a direct relationship between the employee pay and the output of the employee. The pay for performance plan often considers of a select group of persons or the whole group of people. This plan is in line with the mostly held belief in humans that employee need to be rewarded depending on their

CMR Enterprise Essay Example for Free

CMR Enterprise Essay This particular case depicts the history and issues faced by a relatively small company active in the custom architectural millwork industry for the past 25 years. The new owners wanted the newly-acquired company to grow even further. The first few months seems to have been a success Marcus spent a lot of his time with employees and customers, learning the field since he was, as mentioned in the text, an outsider. However, keeping the companys integrity and image intact was a priority. However, the problems outlined in the case seems to start or at least have been worsened with what will become CMRs largest account, Blackstone Homes. Problem Identification After reviewing the text in question, three major problems stand out: 1) Customers change requests: When Blackstone Homes sell a house, it does of course! come with a pre-finished and installed kitchen, included in the price. However, if the customer wishes, he or she would visit CMRs showroom and they would build these woodwork according to their new specifications. The added cost will then be charged to the contractor, which will later add it to their bills. This takes time and lead to price increases. This is, in part, what contributed to the clash with Blackstone Homes. 2) IT solution not adapted: InfoCentral, the software implemented by Marcus, does not work out as intended and do not fit the business needs. It is not always updated as required by the employees. According to the text, it may be helpful for the commercial and financial/accounting side, but is lacking several features for its residential counterpart to be really as useful as it can be. 3) Deteriorating business relationship The business relations between the two companies started well and was fulfilling for both part. When the business expended, so did the problems. The root cause seems to be the change requests made by the homeowners. This lead to late delivery, poorly reviewed performance and then the 7% price increase. Future homeowners started considering the prices charged by CMR to be too high. We could therefore expect lower level of sales and revenues in the future. Alternatives generation While we will mostly concentrate our alternatives on the three points mentioned above, we will also include other alternatives, even if they may not be realistic or feasible in the short/medium term. 1) Review customers change requests: We obviously cannot stop change requests and modifications made by the customers. The company and its employees pride themselves by offering flexibility and higher customers satisfaction. It would be therefore self-destructive for CMR to put a term to these showrooms. Any person also deserve to have reasonable alternative options when they are buying an object, a home more than anything. However, there is a clear misunderstanding between CMR and Blackstone Homes regarding the fixed allowances for kitchen ($6,000) and the final cost of the installation. In order to solve this issue, it may be a good thing to review the billing part: Instead of having the installation costs forwarded to the contractor, all expenses over $6,000 (parts + labor) should be charged to the homeowners themselves; customers can have access to all options made available by CMR, whilst eliminating cost forwarding and the said related disagreements. 2) Software adaptation It seems clear from the text that the whole issue also come in part from InfoCentral. In order to remediate this issue, we would suggest that all account managers from CMR and employees involved with this software should meet and discuss its performance. What should be changed, what must be kept, or what should be included in order to fit everyones needs. However, for any IT solution to bring tangible additional value, it must be easy to use and should not impose additional work. It is supposed to simplify the work, not making it more complicated. 3) The right people on the right place Again, according to the text, there was a clear misunderstanding between both parties; it was even referred as a shouting contest, which is far from being a normal and healthy business relationship. The Key Account Managers (from both sides) could not agree on contract terms and conditions. It could therefore be a good thing to change points of contact and see if the situation can be resolved; a stronger relation, transparency, honesty and business awareness between the two companies might also help straighten things out. 4) Additional ideas The solution to increase profit may not be by simply increasing selling price. We would suggest CMR to run an audit on their Supply Chain, Logistics and Selling, General Administrative Expenses to see if cost reductions are possible. Could modern machinery help cut their production costs? Could they outsource some of their non-core business or reduce raw material costs by creating a joint-venture with a competitor? Chasing down inefficiencies in the production line can be even more effective than a price increase. Recommendations Using the previous points, we would suggest the three following recommendations: 1) Change the billing process: If possible, all additional costs over $6,000 should be charged to the homeowner directly. In order to make this easier for the customers, offering various financing options may be a good idea. 2) Adapt InfoCentral: Review, correct and revamp the software in order to meet real business needs. May be a good thing to check what competitors are using. 3) Organize recurrent meetings: The situation with Blackstone did not get bad in one day. It may be a good idea to set up weekly or monthly operational reviews; meetings lasting no longer than 30 minutes, where all potential issues can be discussed among stakeholders and managers. The idea is not to let such situation worsen and take the correct actions as soon as possible.

Frankenstein :: essays research papers

â€Å"How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to form?† (Shelley, 42) In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein, who has spent two long years laboring in Ingolstadt to create this scientific marvel known only as â€Å"the monster,† wrongly assumes that his creation is pure evil. Frankenstein reaches this conclusion without even allowing the monster to demonstrate his kind heart. Eventually, the monster goes on a mass killing spree because of Victor’s detrimental psychological neglect. Victor’s neglect is caused by his hatred of anyone who is unlike himself. Victor also disregards the monster’s right to a true name, only referring to him using despicable names, such as â€Å"wretch,† â€Å"thing,† and â€Å"catastrophe.† Thus, the monster’s humane qualities, including compassion, loyalty, and intelligence contrast to the wretched traits of his creator, making the horrible references much more suitable for Victor. Unlike Victor, the monster shows great compassion despite his appalling appearance. For instance, he demonstrates his love for others during his time spent observing Felix and Agatha while in the village. He wishes â€Å"to return to the cottagers, whose story excited in [him] such various feelings of indignation, delight, and wonder, but which all terminated in additional love and reverence for [his] protectors†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (106) Even though the monster had never actually met the De Lacey family, his ability to feel compassion is proven through his love of them only for their wonderful hearts and kind actions. In doing this, he shows more love for a family of strangers than Victor could ever have for his own family. He also demonstrates unconditional love for these â€Å"protectors† by not killing Felix during their fight. On the contrary, Victor shows a lack of compassion for his creation after the monster requested a female companion. In response to the monster’s patient, rational inquiry, Victor exclaims, â€Å"Shall I create another like yourself, whose joint wickedness might desolate the world. Begone!† (130) In this senseless refusal of a sincere request, Victor proves once and for all that his true feelings for the monster are those of unjustified hatred and scorn. He has no basis for these feelings other than that of his undying prejudice against the monster. As a result of the opposing emotions illustrated by maker and creation, both are in constant conflict with each other and therefore can never live in harmony.

How to Become an Effective Manger and a Good Communicator Essay

In order to stay on top, companies need to do more than just stay the same and keep them alive, they need to grow. And that means that their employees need to develop and improve their skills at the same pace. More than ever, managers are being encouraged to improve employee performance through effective coaching, but so few of them have the time or the knowledge. It takes to do it successfully. Based on my case study, and presentation from the other classmate, I am getting to know how they develop their most promising employees. Now in this article, I will talk about how to be an effective manager based on the staff that I have learned from BUAD 309 class. I will also talk about from problem solving to developing accountability as an effective manager. I am a table tennis coach myself, I needs to coach other players has total different back ground and age. When I am coaching people, my students are either improving fast or still remain the same, these are all good to me, because in my perspective, when people are not improving fast, means that they are absorb the knowledge I thought them. But In the business world, if you’re not growing, you’re dying. It’s a basic rule of life here on earth and in the business world today. It’s what drives most of us to be better at what we do and who we are. It’s the desire to â€Å"be more. † Because of this desire, the term â€Å"coaching† has caught the attention of both the personal growth and business worlds, creating a multibillion dollar business and a situation in which everyone wants a coach. More than ever before, employees are asking for developmental opportunities and managers are being told they need to â€Å"coach† their employees on a regular basis. We’ve even worked with managers who say they’ve been told to â€Å"stop managing and start coaching. This all sounds great in theory: managers coaching employees to grow and be more effective, but there’s one problem. Although many people agree that having a coach is a great way to move toward success, very few people know what a coach actually is or what a coach actually does. This leaves many managers scratching their heads as they try to fit one more ambiguous task into their already over-busy schedules. So what is a coach, and what is coaching? This is our definition: A coach is someone who helps another person reaches higher effectiveness by creating a dialogue that leads to awareness and action. Lorber, L 2008)By creating the space to step back, look in the mirror, and grapple with the tough questions, a coach helps a person examine and deal with their reactions to obstacles and, in a sense, â€Å"get out of their own way† as they achieve better results, in a more efficient manner. When we are faced with a task, there are three things that managers should help employees to get better and be as successful as possible: First, make sure you find and dig out the aptitude of your employees: make them understand their potential and capacity to complete the task at hand. Second, make sure your employee’s attitude right toward their jobs: make sure your employees are confidence, focus, and determination to complete the task at hand. Third, make sure you make your employees use all the available resources: make them use all the tools, equipment, and time that available that needed to complete the task at hand. Without these three components, we cannot be at the top of our game. The degrees to which each of them does or does not exist directly contribute or detract from our ultimate level of success. It can be thought of as an equation with variable components. Start with Aptitude, the most obvious component of the equation. Without the proper skills and know how to complete a task, we are left scratching our head and frustrated. Think of a kid on her birthday receiving her first shiny, new bike. She has the determination and excitement to ride her new wheels, but she lacks the skill and ability to go whizzing down the street as she envisions. (Greg P, 1993) After two or three wipeouts, you end up with a frustrated little birthday girl. Just as crucial to the equation is having the Available Resources to complete the task. Think of the last time your team at work had a great idea or new approaches to accomplishing success, but you lacked the budget, time, or people power to deal with it. You had the capacity to figure out a new solution, the drive and confidence to make it a reality, but lacked the money or people to pull it off. Not a fun place to be in, by any stretch of the imagination. As managers, and people, we are comfortable and see the need to focus on Aptitude and Available Resources. When things aren’t working in the office, managers are often very willing to train people in new skills or throw more money at the problem. However, it’s the middle part of the Success Equation. The keystone if you will that most people tend to overlook, forget about, or outright ignore. Attitude refers to things like the drive, confidence, focus, enthusiasm, determination, need, desire, fortitude, and inspiration to accomplish the task at hand. Although difficult to measure and manage, without the right Attitude, having only the Aptitude and Available Resources will get you nowhere. Unfortunately, managers often say things like, â€Å"why can’t people just do their jobs and leave all that other stuff at home. † Well, people don’t â€Å"leave all that other stuff at home† because as humans, we can’t. (Greg P, 1993) Understandably, many managers wish that this was not the case, because managing would be immensely easier if people could really â€Å"check their emotions at the door. † We got it, and, unfortunately, it’s not possible. Think of the time your work day has been affected because you were ill, or you had a fight with a family member. This doesn’t even include the events that happen at work. When rumors of a downsizing start in an organization, how many people are able to completely check their emotional reaction to the news and focus a hundred percent on their work? Not many. So, for better or worse, managers have to accept that our Attitude affects our Level of Success, and focusing on it is more than â€Å"a nice thing to do. † Like it or not, Attitude is hardwired into the Success Equation of humans, and not just as a variable on the periphery. Attitude is perhaps the most vital component in the entire equation, and focusing on it is a manager’s business imperative. Hardline business people are often most comfortable thinking of this in terms of sports. Anyone who has played sports has probably been told at one time or another to â€Å"get your head in the game,† â€Å"focus,† â€Å"get psyched up,† or â€Å"don’t think that you can’t beat these guys! † (Greg P, 1993) Sports coaches know that the confidence, drive, and determination of their athletes can make all the difference between playing and winning. I think this is the biggest connection between my sport and management. Other than the three things, I would like to talk about good communication skills as a good manager. Good communication skill means the ability to be understood, but it also means more than that. Have you ever noticed how good conversationalists have the ability to light up a conversation and inspire others to join in? You can learn to be like that too. Remember any good conversation is a two-way process. It’s only as good as the responses you get but you can really improve the number and types of responses you get by honing your communication skill. Here are a few aspects of what it means to have this skill to initiate and sustain an interesting, enjoyable conversation that everyone feels better for having participated in.

Non-Intervention

The doctrine or Principal of Non-Interference and humanitarian intervention and their legitimacy/illegitimacy in international law of human rights has long been a subject of debate and has captured a lot of attention. The critical issue in any debate on humanitarian intervention is the need to balance intervention with the principle of sovereignty, which in essence requires that a sovereign state be treated as an independent political unit, its territorial integrity be respected, and it be allowed to pursue its domestic affairs without external interference. Indeed, the issue is a conflict between the ban on the use of force and respect for sovereignty on the one hand, and the duty to uphold and promote human rights on the other. (Negeri, 2011)Should the emphasis be on preventing the use of force between states and maintaining stable relations between them or does the protection of citizens' fundamental rights deserve priority? The relationship between these two interests is complicated and need more attention and effort to do research and examine the topic itself. This paper will address the tension between state sovereignty and humanitarian intervention. Both form an essential part of the international order based on the UN charter and both are of great importance.State sovereignty and Non-intervention in the internal affairs of other states One of the fundamental principles of a state or nation which acts as will to drives its affairs forward and gives some form of control over its domestic or territorial affairs is principle of state sovereignty. It is the foundation of inter-state relations and the basis of the modern world order. Most of the basic standards, rules and practices of international relations have grounded on the premise of state sovereignty. The original meaning of sovereignty is related to the idea of supremacy. According to Wikipedia, Sovereignty is the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies. In political theory, sovereignty is a substantive term designating supreme authority over some polity. (Wikipedia contributors, 2018)

Are Computers an Essential Feature of Modern Education Essay Example

Are Computers an Essential Feature of Modern Education Essay Example Are Computers an Essential Feature of Modern Education Essay Are Computers an Essential Feature of Modern Education Essay Essay Topic: Education With the dawn of the computer era, all aspects of the society have become influenced by technology, including education. A large number of students use computers to work on. Even though it makes our work easier, it can turn out to be a huge distraction due to things like games, social networking sites, watching movies, etc. For example, in my school, students from grade 6 have their own laptops and during the breaks or even after school on the train platforms you will find them playing games on their laptops. I think computers are not really essential for modern education. What is important, is that we know our basics. If we have a strong foundation, we could be better off in the future. Even though jobs today are largely dependent on technology, we can learn how to use computers later on in life or alongside any other work. There are various subjects that can be taught using technology such as computer graphics, programming like C++ and Visual Basic, history (by showing videos), etc. For drama, computers can be used as well to show videos of famous actors in the past. Subjects such as chemistry, biology, art and music are better taught without a computer because these are practical subjects. In conclusion, computers could be used in education but it should be kept to a minimum. If a child gets addicted to computers from a young age, their basics in subjects like maths, for example might not be strong due to the use of calculators.

Modern Chinese Fashion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modern Chinese Fashion - Research Paper Example The paper "Modern Chinese Fashion" focuses on modern Chinese fashion and is basically meant to discuss the changing fashion patterns seen at festivals and traditions, how traditional and festive Chinese clothing differ from each other, mainstream Chinese fashion designers, popular dress trends, and how wealth produces influence on the type of clothes worn by the Chinese people. Integrating the creative and priceless knowledge gained from places which are considered to be centers of fashion like New York, Paris, and Milan in the native system to create modern clothes sensitively customized to the culture of China is not an easy challenge to fulfill. Chinese fashion designers are astute and sensitive enough to acknowledge the changing economical trends in the country and design their clothes while keeping the national economical state of the country in their minds so that everyone would be able to wear stylish clothes irrespective of class difference. Basic Chinese fashion elements der ive from the Tang and Song dynasties and Shiatzy Chen is one such fashion label in China run by Wang Chen which relies heavily on materials such as silk and satin. In words of Chen, â€Å"I wanted to create something that reflects Chinese culture, yet manages to achieve global recognition; a brand that would make China proud†. Class difference, though not as pronounced now as it was previously in Chinese clothing, also presents challenges for Chinese fashion designers on some levels. In the past, these elements of class difference.... Distinction made by clothes between rich and poor was undeniably so obvious in the ancient China as compared to the modern China that no one could possibly remain oblivious to it. The wealthy members of the society were identified by the richness reflecting from their royal clothes which were almost always made out of silk, while the middle class and poor people relied on wearing very simple clothes made out of cotton. But irrespective of past and modern times, silk has throughout served as a resolute status symbol in the Chinese society and has always remained the material of choice to be worn for the rich and elite Chinese people in traditional terms. It is also the general consensus among the Chinese people, fashion designers, and critics that silk has a wide range of application in both festive and ordinary clothing. From being integrated in women’s blouses and scarves to men’s dress shirts and ties, silk is recognized as the material of choice for the fashion desig ners too who design clothes in accordance with common public’s demands and tastes. The modern Chinese fashion wear largely refines the more conventional clothing approach as seen in old Chinese pictures and present day popular trends can also be considered as a major reflection of orthodox dressing trends. In the ancient days during the Tang and Song dynasties, fabrics popular in China were gauze, damask, crepe, and brocade (Csanyi). Women wore loose robes with long sleeves and used decorative cloth on the lower hems (Hua 16). Incorporation of classic Chinese symbols in the clothing is vividly apparent in the ancient Chinese clothing culture. To the present day clothing culture, symbolism still serves as one of the primarily important elements considered by the fashion designers while designing

Cold war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Cold war - Essay Example is of cold war and it led to worsening of economy in Europe and decline of Soviet Union, cutting of military spending, spending millions by the US, and depression among others (Taylor 78). McCarthyism is the political practice employed to create distrust and disloyalty about the communists without having any real tangible evidence leading to accusations (Taylor 127). People lost their jobs because of teaching about communism, education taught negatively about communism, freedom of speech of the communists was curtailed as well as producing movies portraying negatively about communism. Relationship between nations continued to chill. The cold war spread to other nations such as Berlin, Korea and Vietnam which were divided into two one controlled by US and the other by Russia leading to internal war and a nations destroying its own people a war initiated by the two super powers. The aftermath of the cold war was the destruction of Vietnam, separation of Korea and the war between the North and South as well as tearing of the Berlin

Inbound Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inbound Logistics - Essay Example The reason for this is fairly intuitive; if a manufacturer is to produce goods and material for distribution, it must receive the raw materials and other products necessary for production and distribution. Accordingly, the management of inbound products is central to the organizational goals in two obvious ways: First, the procurement of the materials and, second, the potential cost savings afforded by an efficient inbound supply chain system. As the next section of this paper specifically focuses on the ramifications of failing to procure materials for the manufacturing or distribution process, a word about costs is appropriate here. As cited in the case study, "the ultimate aim to achieve total control over inbound shipments would allow the retailer to eke out cost advantages from the supply chain" (Chatur 5). Several aspects of increasing efficiency within the inbound logistics side of SCM are discussed, one of which is the use of a third party logistics company, or 3PL, to manage that part of the supply chain. In fact, the idea of a collaborative environment within a large supply chain is a very popular notion. "Logistics alliances - formal or informal relationships between companies and logistics providers - are rapidly emerging...[where companies focus on their core competencies and outsource other activities" to companies that are more cost effective (Laarhoven, et al. 188). Thus, managing inbound logistics is important enough to companies that they are willing to outsource the entire process in order to save money. Q2: What is the relationship between operations and purchasing, and how does it ideally affect the management of inbound logistics Operations is the process whereby a manufacturer makes its product, but purchasing and procurement are what allow operations to do its job. Accordingly, the relationship is a dependent one where, if purchasing doesn't do its job well, operations can be shut down. Naturally, if procurement is not efficient and unnecessarily cost intensive, the entire company is threatened. The cost efficiencies related to inbound logistics, however, are not as potentially devastating as the failure of purchasing to ensure an adequate supply of material for the process. Consider the fact that if procurement doesn't perform, some manufacturers would have to stop operations until the supplies were received. This can be far more expensive than carrying a little too much inventory. As the case study points out, "...the shutdown of large petrochemical plants may cost as much as $500K to $1M daily - far more than the cost of extra hopper cars used to store product" (Chatur 4). Herein lies the dilemma for inbound logistics; balancing the need to have enough material without having too much material and the need to always have material. In terms of its effects on managing inbound logistics, the impact is clear. Many organizations use just-in-time (JIT) inventory techniques to avoid overstock and the cost of carrying too much inventory. This technique is more expensive than traditional methods due to a higher shipping cost structure, but

Personal relationships Essay Example for Free

Personal relationships Essay As human beings we all have similar interests however, Rosenbaum (1986b) proposed a repulsion interpretation for this well –established relationship. According to Rosenbaum, attitude similarity does not lead to liking, but attitude dis-similarity does indeed lead to repulsion. Attraction toward a person described by the individual’s personality alone differs when paired with a photograph or political affiliation. With the popularity of social networking and the internet it might be useful to research the subjects of physical attractiveness and similarity when the intimacy factor is absent. Although 94% of internet daters deny that their profile contains any fibs (Gibbs et al,. 2006), psychologists Toma et al. (2008) decided to measure the heights and weights of 80 internet daters, as well as checking their driving licences for real age. When this data was checked against their profiles, it was found at least nine out of ten had lied on at least one of the attributes measured. The most frequent anomaly was in regards to weight. Women tended to shave pounds off, while men gave themselves a boost in height. Even though the vast majority fibbed on their profile it was only by a small amount as most people want to meet up eventually. Toma and Hancock (2010) took photographs of the internet daters and compared them to their online profile pictures. Although less physically attractive people were the most likely to choose a self-enhancing photo, overall the differences were minimal towards the lab photo. Scholars say a certain amount of fibbing is socially even necessary to compete in the online dating world. By boosting one’s attributes, they can increase their chances of a relationship developing in the future. So this would point to the fact that we value goods looks not just in other people but also in ourselves. Opposites attract, well this is not the case when it comes to internet dating. Fiore and Donarth (2005) examined data from 65,000 online daters, the found that people were choosing based on similarities to themselves. That includes ethnicity and religion. Of all the data analysed 80% of the contacts initiated by white members were to other white members, and only 3% were made to black members. Online dating agencies have taken advantage of this fact by setting up dating websites to caterer to this for example JustChristian. com, or Afrointrodution. com. Although researching internet dating is a good way of examining interpersonal relationships, there is only limited data on how well it works. Most of the research is based on heterosexual daters therefore ignores the comparison with homosexual daters. Most people think of it in consumerist terms (Heino et al, . 2010) users are â€Å"Relation shopping†, looking at other people’s features weighing them up, then choosing potential partners, as though from a catalogue, its human relationships reduced to check boxes. Social psychological studies have not so much influenced our opinion on interpersonal attraction, but reinforced the reasons why we find people attractive for example; physical attraction, proximity, familiarity or reciprocal liking. Most of the research is potentially artificial focusing on forced social settings or attitude surveys. It can ignore ecological or cultural relationship criteria. What is prevalent though is the need to form relationships with other people maybe for romantic reasons or friendship. References 1. : Walster et al. 1966. (N/A). Matching hypothesis. Available http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/matching_hypothesis. Last accessed 28th Jan 2012. 2. Duck S. (1995). Repelling the study of attraction. The Psychologist, N/A (8), 60-63. 3. http://www.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/app/amberdigital/aronson/content/10.pdf. (accessed on 28/01/2013) 4. Arthur Aron, Jodie L Steele, Todd b Kashdan, Max Perez (2006)When similars do not attract: Test of a prediction from the self- expansion model, personal relationships 13, 387-39 5. P H Aronson Interpersonal attraction from first impressions to close relationships chapter 10 http://www.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/app/amberdigital/aronson/content/10.pdf 6. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/fashion/online-dating-as-scientific-research.html?pagewanted=all_r=0 7. http://www.spring.org.uk/2010/09/online-dating-10-psychological-insights.php

Low-Power Folded Tree Architecture for DSP Applications

Low-Power Folded Tree Architecture for DSP Applications Low-Power Folded Tree Architecture for DSP applications Abstract— Wireless communication exhibits the highest energy consumption in wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes. Due to their limited energy supply from batteries, the low power design have become inevitable part of today’s wireless devices. Power has become a burning issue in VLSI design. In modern integrated circuits, the power consumed by clocking gradually takes a dominant part. Reducing the power consumption not only enhance battery life but also avoid overheating problem. By employing a more appropriate Processing Element (PE), the power consumption is significantly reduced. In this paper the novel method for low power design is achieved by using Folded Tree Architecture (FTA) and high speed adder design for on-the-node data processing in wireless sensor networks using Parallel Prefix Operations (PPO) and data locality in hardware. Besides power reduction the objective of minimizing area and delay is also considered. Index Terms— Folded Tree Architecture (FTA), Parallel Prefix Operation (PPO), Processing Element (PE), Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). INTRODUCTION Power optimization is always one of the most important design objectives in modern nanometer integrated circuit design. Especially for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), power optimization have become inevitable part in today VLSI design. Power optimization not only can enhance battery life but also reduce the overheating problem. Self-configuring wireless sensor networks can be invaluable in many civil and military applications for collecting, processing, and disseminating wide ranges of complex environmental data. Because of this, they have attracted considerable research attention in last years. Sensor nodes are battery driven and hence operate on an extremely frugal energy budget. Further, they must have a lifetime on the order of months to years. Since battery replacement is not an option for networks with thousands of physically embedded nodes. In some cases, these networks may be required to operate solely on energy scavenged from the environment through seismic, photovoltaic or thermal conversion. This transforms energy consumption into the most important factor that determines sensor node lifetime. The another important application in wireless sensor networks is event tracking, which has widespread use in applications such as security surveillance and wildlife habitat monitoring. Tracking involves a significant amount of collaboration between individual sensors to perform complex signal processing algorithms such as kalman filtering, Bayesian data fusion and coherent beamforming. This applications will require more energy for their processing. In general Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can operate in four distinct mode of operation: Transmit, Receive, Idle and Sleep. An important observation in the case of most radios is that operating in Idle mode results in significantly high power consumption, almost equal to the power consumed in the Receive mode. The data-driven nature of WSN applications requires a specific low power data processing approach. By employing more appropriate Processing Element (PE), the power consumption in all the four mode of operation will be reduced significantly. In present VLSI technology, reducing power consumption is an important issue. Especially for WSN, due to their limited battery lifetime the low power VLSI design is become inevitable for wireless commmunication. The goal of this paper is to design an low-energy Folded Tree and Multi-Bit Flip-Flop Merging technique for WSN nodes. II. RELATED WORKS In paper [2], the author proposed low-energy data processing architecture for WSN nodes using folded tree method. This paper identifies that many WSN applications employ algorithms which can be solved by using parallel prefix-sums. Therefore, an alternative architecture is proposed to calculated them energy-efficiently. It consists of several parallel Processing Elements (PEs) structured as a folded tree. The folded tree method with parallel prefix operations reduces the number of processing element and memory bottleneck. Due to clock distribution for more flip-flops, it consumes more clock power and also parallel prefix operations has high delay. In paper [3], a novel method is proposed for low clock power consumption in WSN nodes. A previously derived clock energy model is briefly reviewed while a comprehensive framework for the estimation of system wide (chip level) and clock sub-system power as function of technology scaling is presented. This framework is used to study and quantify the impact that various intensifying concerns associated with scaling will have on clock energy and their relative impact on the overall system energy. This technology scaling method reduces power clock power consumption (both static and dynamic), but due to large number of processing element- area, inverter chain, Power-Delay Product is increased. III. PROPOSED SCHEME Folded Tree Architecture with Parallel Prefix Operation is used to reduce the total number of Processing Elements (PEs) in the VLSI design. By reducing the number of processing elements, the total area is reduced. Area is proportional to power, so power consumption is also reduced. During processing and transmission of signals, the WSN nodes will consume more power. Especially for clock distribution nearly 70% power will be consumed. In order to optimize the power during clock distribution, multi-bit flip-flop merging technique is used. A. Folded Tree Architecture A straightforward binary tree implementation of Blelloch’s approach costs a significant amount of area as n inputs require p = n − 1 PEs. To reduce area and power, pipelining can be traded for throughput. With a classic binary tree, as soon as a layer of PEs finishes processing, the results are passed on and new calculations can already recommence independently [8]. Fig 1. Binary tree equivalent to folded tree The idea presented here is to fold the tree back onto itself to maximally reuse the PEs. In doing so, p becomes proportional to n/2 and the area is cut in half. Area is proportional to power, so power is also cut in half. Note that also the interconnect is reduced. This folded tree topology is depicted in Fig. 1, which is functionally equivalent to the binary tree on the left. By using the Folded Tree architecture power consumption, area and wirelength is reduced considerably. Folded Tree Architecture (FTA) for on-the-node data processing in wireless sensor networks, using parallel preà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ x operations and data locality in hardware reduces both area and power consumption. TABLE I LEAKAGE POWER AND DYNAMIC ENERGY FOR ONE PE UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS FTA is designed to reuse the PE nodes to reduces half of the total area. It limiting the data set by preprocessing with parallel preà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ x operations. The combination of data à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow and control à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow elements to introduce a local distributed memory, which removes the memory bottleneck while retaining sufà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cient à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exibility. Several processing element consumes more power, so by using FTA the PE can be reused and power is reduced. Fig 2. Folding Architecture In folding architecture, we can reuse the PEs with the help of counter and FSM. Iteration count in the counter contains the total number of times the specified PE going to be reused. The FSM enables and reset the iteration count based on the instructions. B. Parallel prefix adder. Adders are also very important component in digital systems because of their extensive use in other basic digital operations such as subtraction, multiplication and division. Hence, improving performance of the digital adder would greatly advance the execution of binary operations inside a circuit compromised of such blocks. The performance of a digital circuit block is gauged by analyzing its power dissipation, layout area and its operating speed. The main idea behind parallel prefix addition is an attempt to generate all incoming carries in parallel and avoid waiting until the correct carry propagates from the stage of the adder where it has been generated.Parallel prefix adders are constructed out of fundamental carry operators denoted by  ¢ as follows (G, P)  ¢ (G, P) = (G+G ·P, P ·P) where P and P indicate the propagations, G and G indicate the generations. The fundamental carry operator is represented as Figure Fig 3. Carry operator   Ã‚   A parallel prefix adder can be represented as a parallel prefix graph consisting of carry operator nodes. The parallel prefix Ladner Fischer adder structure has minimum logic depth, but has large fan-out requirement up to n/2. Ladner Fischer adder has less number of delay compared to other parallel prefix adders. Power Delay Product should be less inorder to achieve high throughput and speed. Fig 4. Ladner Fischer Parallel Prefix Adder The Ladner Fischer adder construct a circuit that computes the prefix sums in the circuit, each node performs an addition of two numbers. With their construction, one can choose a tradeoff between the circuit depth and the number of nodes. V CONCLUSION This paper presented the Folded Tree Architecture and Multi-Bit Flip-Flop Merging technique for WSN applications. The design describes many data processing algorithms for WSN applications along with parallel prefix operations and clock distribution networks. Power is saved using flip flop merging technique by providing single clock signal to mergeable flip flops with the help of combinational lookup table. Thus this technique can be effectively used for clock distribution in integrated circuits requiring low power consumption in clock distribution network and low skew clocks. Area is reduced using folded tree architecture by reusing processing element. Ladner Fischer parallel prefix adder reduces the delay constraints and achieve high throughput. The proposed architecture significantly reduces both power and area in WSN nodes, can save up to half of the power in total sensor node. REFERENCES V. Raghunathan, C. Schurgers, S. Park, and M. B. Srivastava, â€Å"Energy-aware wireless microsensor networks,† IEEE Signal Process.Mag., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 40–50, Mar. 2002. C. Walravens and W. Dehaene, â€Å"Design of a low-energy data processing architecture for wsn nodes,† in Proc. Design, Automat. Test Eur. Conf. Exhibit., Mar. 2012, pp. 570–573. D. Duarte, V. Narayanan, and M. J. Irwin, â€Å"Impact of technology scaling in the clock power,† in Proc. IEEE VLSI Comput. Soc. Annu. Symp.,Pittsburgh, PA, Apr. 2002, pp. 52–57. H. Kawagachi and T. Sakurai, â€Å"A reduced clock-swing flip-flop (RCSFF)for 63% clock power reduction,† in VLSI Circuits Dig. Tech. Papers Symp., Jun. 1997, pp. 97–98. Y. Cheon, P.-H. Ho, A. B. Kahng, S. Reda, and Q. Wang, â€Å"Power- aware placement,† in Proc. Design Autom. Conf., Jun. 2005, pp. 795–800. Y.-T. Chang, C.-C. Hsu, P.-H. Lin, Y.-W. Tsai, and S.-F. Chen, â€Å"Post-placement power optimization with multi-bit flip-flops,† in Proc.IEEE/ACM Comput.-Aided Design Int. Conf., San Jose, CA, Nov. 2010,pp. 218–223. P. Sanders and J. Traff, â€Å"Parallel prefix (scan) algorithms for MPI,† in proc, Recent ADV. Parallel Virtual Mach Message Pass, Interf., 2006, pp.49-57. G. Blelloch, â€Å"Scans as primitive parallel operations,† IEEE Trans. Comput.,Vol.38, no 11, pp. 1526-1538, Nov. 1989. D. B. Hoang, N. Kamyabpour â€Å"An Energy Driven Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks† International Conference on parallel and Distributed computing Applications and technologies., Dec 2012. Nazhandali, M. Minuth, and T. Austin, â€Å"SensBench:Toward an accurate evaluation of sensor network processors,†in Proc. IEEE Workload Characterizat. Symp., Oct. 2005. M. Hempstead, D. Brooks, and G. Wei,† An accelerator-based wireless sensor network processor in 130 nm cmos,† J, Emerg. Select. Topics Circuits Syst., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 193-202, 2011. B. A. Warneke and K. S. J. Pister, â€Å"An ultra-low energy micro- controller for smart dust wireless sensor networks,† in Proc. IEEE Int.Solid-state circuits conf. Dig. Tech. Papers. Feb. 2004, pp. 316-317. M. Hempstead, M. Welsh, and D.Brooks,†Tinybench: The case for a standardized benchmark suite for TinyOS based wireless sensor network devices,† in Proc. IEEE 29th Local comout. Netw, conf., Nov.2004, pp. 585-586. O. Girard. (2010). â€Å"OpenMSP430 processor core, available at opencores.org,† [online]. Available: http://opencores.org/project, openmsp430. H. Stone, â€Å"Parallel processing with the perfect shuffle,† IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 100, no.2, pp. 153-161, Feb. 1971. M. Hempstead, J. M. Lyons, D. Brooks, and G-Y. Wei,† Survey of hardware systems for wireless sensor networks,† J. Low Power Electron., vol.4, no. 1, pp. 11-29, 2008. C.C. Yu. Design of low-power double edge-triggered flip-flop circuit. In IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, pp. 2054-2057, 2007. M. Donno, A. Ivaldi, L. Benini, and E. Macii. Clock tree power optimization based on RTL clock-gating. In Design Automation Conference, pp. 622-627, 2003.